Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club - 1097 Words

Culture defines humanity. Culture makes humans different than any other living organism ever known. Culture is what makes humans unique, and yet culture is easily the most misunderstood characteristic of individuals. In Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan develops the theme of incomplete cultural understanding leads to an inability to communicate one’s true intentions through juxtaposition and conflict between mothers and daughters and their cultures. The conflicting Chinese culture of the mothers’ and the American culture of the daughters’ result in differing interpretations of virtue. One example of this is during the last time Jing Mei’s mother made crab. When Jing Mei was talking to her mother, they discussed that Waverly, of American culture, wanted the best quality crab, but in the Chinese culture, making a sacrifice for someone else is the best quality. â€Å"‘Only you take that crab†¦ everybody else want best quality’â₠¬  (Tan 241). Another example of the differences of virtue between Chinese and American culture is the different ways people treat the dying. When Jing-Mei’s mother was dying, they sent her to a doctor to find out what was wrong. When An-Mei’s grandmother was dying, her mother used traditional practices to try to cure her by, â€Å"[cutting] a piece of meat from her arm† (Tan 41), as an act of deep love and respect. When the Chinese and American do try to combine, it doesn’t always turn out the way it’s expected. The attempt of mixing Chinese and American cultureShow MoreRelatedAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club890 Words   |  4 PagesLena and Ying-Ying from Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club both face injustice in their patriarchal relationships, just as Mariam and Laila from A Thousand Splendid Suns, however on very different terms. Lena, like Amir and Laila, struggles with confrontation and complete deference of others. However, under the influence of her mother, Lena realizes the problematic recurrences in relationship with her husband. Ying-Ying, aware of her daughters submissiveness, must lead Lena to intervention to confront herselfRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1385 Words   |  6 Pages Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Mona A. M. Ahmed Zagazig University, Egypt The purpose of this paper is to investigate pluralism, acculturation and assimilation in Amy Tan s novel The Joy Luck Club (1989), a finalist for the National Award, and a recipient of the 1990 Bay Area Book Reviewers award for fiction. Amy Tan (1952- ) is a Chinese American novelist; she is the daughter of John Tan, a Chinese electricalRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesRebecca Nemmers American Minority Writers Professor Czer September 12, 2016 Mother Knows Best Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club is a well-known novel that discusses the difficulties that Chinese American immigrants face especially in the second generation. This novel specifically focuses in on the stories of the mothers and their daughters, their sufferings and triumphs. Due to both the generational and cultural differences between the mothers and daughters are extreme and these differences cause theirRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1023 Words   |  5 Pagesand other scholars’ articles, a diasporic and often considered as postcolonial discourses- Amy Tan’s debut novel The Joy Luck Club comes to my mind. Amy Tan, as one of the renowned contemporary Chinese American writers, and also as one of the daughters of the immigrants herself, writes several novels revealing situations and reflecting problems faced by the Chinese diaspora in America. Although The Joy Luck Club has been published for more than two decades, the stories inside are still going on in Chi neseRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesAmy Tan’s â€Å"The Joy Luck Club† is a novel written in various short stories between four immigrant Chinese mothers and their four Chinese-American born daughters. The mother’s represent their heritage, tradition, culture, and native tongue. Their daughters; however embody America and its culture, along with language. Each mother and daughter share the emotional feeling of cultural separation between themselves and their relationship with each other. With their cross-cultural relationship, the daughtersRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1028 Words   |  5 PagesIn Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club, Waverly Jong is a dynamic character who shows her arrogance, selfishness and insecurities as the story progresses. On the first letter of Waverly’s name, W, sits a Mink, which symbolizes her desire for her mother’s approval. Throughout the novel, Waverly avoids Lindo’s criticism and fears her mother will not agree with her choices. This is evident in â€Å"Four Directions† when Waverly shows her mother the mink coat Rich bought her and Lindo responds, â€Å"This is no good†¦Read MoreAnalysis Of Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1637 Words   |  7 Pagessame time† (Goreski). Amy Tan, an author of numerous novels, understands the battle of relationships, especially between culturally diverse mothers and daughters. In one of Tan’s novels, The Joy Luck Club, she writes to get the point across of how difficult it is for contrasting cultures to communicate with one another, â€Å"...out of an intense concern with the individual artistic choices she was making at every level and at every moment† (Evans 3). The passionate message Tan stresses in the novelRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1210 Words   |  5 PagesThe Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan tells the story of four Chinese mothers and their American daughters. Throughout th e book, Tan talks about the mothers and the life they had in china, the relationship between their mothers, and why they moved to America. She also writes about the daughters who were born and raised in America and their relationship with their mothers. In addition, she talks about the cultural differences between the Chinese mothers and the Chinese-American daughters. Joy Luck Club is oneRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club986 Words   |  4 Pageshope. How to laugh forever†, Amy Tan wrote in The Joy Luck Club. This powerful quote not only exhibits the mindset that Amy has formed over the years, but also how various lessons has shaped her inner-being. Overcoming a past were all the odds were against her, even her mother, leaves Tan’s story worth being heard. Amy’s mixed heritage made adapting to the free life of America from an authoritarian Chinese parenting style difficult. The pivotal moment that altered Amy Tan’s life the most was breakingRead MoreAn alysis Of Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesLauren Lee 11 September 2016 English 203H 1st Period 3 paragraphs â€Å"The Joy Luck Club† Journey of the Swan In Amy Tan’s story â€Å"The Joy Luck Club,† Jing-mei recalls the struggles she is burdened by in not understanding the extensive sacrifices her mother made and the guilt she carries of never living to be her mother’s swan. For the majority of her life, June has battled with the tedious thoughts of why her mother never seemed content with her. â€Å"Auntie Lin and my mother were both best friends and

A Comparison of Irony in Crime and Punishment and A...

Use of Irony in Crime and Punishment and A Dolls House There are many links between Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoyevsky and A Dolls House, by Henrik Isben. Each character goes through many ironic situations. Throughout both of the works dramatic, situational, and verbal irony are used. Dramatic irony is used throughout Crime and Punishment. The reader knows that Rodion Romanovitch Raskolnikov killed the pawnbroker, Alyona Ivanovna, and her sister, Lizaveta Ivanovna. A quote to support this is, He took the axe right out, swung it up in both hands, barely conscious of what he was doing, and almost without effort, almost effort, almost mechanically, brought the butt of it down on the old womans head. (Dostoyevsky†¦show more content†¦In A Dolls House the reader is aware that Nora borrowed money from Krogstad without her husbands permission. Nora also forged her fathers name to gain the money. She says, You dont know all. I forged a name. (Isben 44) In the following conversation between Nora and Christine it is clearly stated that Torvald does not know of Noras actions: Mrs. Linde. And since then have you never told your secret to your husband? Nora. Good heavens, no! (Isben 13) Another example of dramatic irony in A Dolls House is when Nora wants to practice a dance called the Tarantella. When Torvald goes to look in the letter box Nora says, Torvald please dont. There is nothing in there. (Isben 46) The reader knows that Nora has not forgotten the dance. The reader knows this when Torvald goes to check the mail and Nora begins to play the Tarantella. Nora then says, I cant dance to-morrow if I dont practise with you. (Isben 46) The reader knows that all Nora is trying to do is keep Torvald from reading the mail which contains a letter from Krogstad. Situational irony is also used throughout the two works. In Crime and Punishment Raskolnikov is the one who murdered the two sisters. It was totally unexpected when Nikolai came to

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Buy College Term Paper Format

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Buy College Term Paper Format Buying a research paper sample for college submission is among the options. It's possible for you to make yours different if you get a paper achieved by a specialist online. You're able to receive all sorts of college term papers for money. It is crucial to look at buying college papers online instead of doing it by yourself. If you think writing of a research paper is simply about gathering relevant materials and copy-pasting then in a different document, you're mistaken. Term paper also acts as a tool to check your skills gained from studying. So, first of all, a college research paper has to be informative. As a consequence, you get an APA format research paper of top quality. It's rather hard to effectively organize an essay without a superior outline. Following are a few links and an overall outline about how to compose your term papers. When you choose to get a term paper online, we permit you to select when you need to get your purchase. Here's What I Know About Buy College Term Paper Format Term paper writing isn't really easy job. It is one of the most significant writing tasks. Term paper help would become your savior! Term paper writer isn't just profession, it's calling! Please be certain to provide each detail on your paper before the author starts working on your purchase. At any time you purchase a paper for school, we'll find the suitable expert to compose a winning paper for you fast. Everything that you'll need to do is to read the paper carefully to be certain our writer has met all your requirements. Finding a paper written at a low-cost cost shouldn't be the sole element to compare. Vital Pieces of Buy College Term Paper Format Taking into consideration the subject of your assignment, its degree of difficulty or length, our certified term paper writers have all the required skills to create an outstanding project. Our writing team is made of real professionals that could deal with a lot of subjects and subgenres. When you haven't any yet, then it is going to be better for you to hunt for any examples and samples of works to fully grasp the way the work needs to be completed and formatted. Just imagine you will not have issues with academic writing any longer. Coming up with a great term paper is one of the vital battles students face t owards the conclusion of the semesters. Research work in college can be flexible particularly when the professor allows you to select a topic all on your own. The thesis ought to be clear and easy. College term papers are a lot more complex than a normal school essay. Now you can purchase genuine college essay online, one that is going to fit your financial plan and get your work done too. The capacity to compose an essay is thought of among the most fundamental skills in college. You have to have an effective thesis as a way to earn a great grade on an essay. Our delivery is another thing which we are able to take pride in. If you want to obtain a term paper on the internet to base your own work on through Ultius, then you're in luck. Your assignment is going to be delivered in time with the choice to rewrite it at no cost. The provided custom term paper writing services will need to get personalized, at an affordable cost, so as to fulfill the high criteria of the consumers. When you intend to order a paper, leave it to our website, as we are the very best option for you. Our term paper writing service permits customers to pick the writer they wish to work with based on their abilities and assignment requirements. The Basic Principle s of Buy College Term Paper Format You Can Learn From Starting Right Away Together with the headers, you may use the title text on the left side of the webpage and the amount of the webpage, at the appropriate side for an organization. The range of the webpage needs to be indicated at the right-hand corner of the webpage. The format to be used is determined by the topic that you have chosen.

Alejandro quiroz free essay sample

How have the performances of Baroque music changed (in terms of tempo, balance and timbre) from the Baroque period to today? When compared to classical performances, modern performances of Baroque music typically use a slower tempt, a similar balance (although recording studios can disrupt the natural balance sometimes, by pushing the harpsichord Into the background) and a flatter timbre due to the instruments used in modern times 4. What is a Baroque spirit when playing music? Baroque spirit expresses enthusiasm. At the bottom of the page that discusses Baroque music performance, there are some examples of music that you can listen to. These examples often use different Instruments than we are used to hearing today. What are some of these Instruments? How Is the sound of the music different than what we might hear today? They use instruments such as harpsichords, lots of violins, and clavichord. People today still sometimes use violins but the beats and instruments sound very different then what we hear today. We will write a custom essay sample on Alejandro quiroz or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 6. Who was Archangel Cornell? What are some of his contributions to classical music?Cornell was an Italian violinist and composer, Cornell initially he started studying music under a priest in the nearby town of Fanned, and then In Logo. The style of execution was Introduced by Cornell, which Is Important for violin playing. As the time passed Cornell became a iconic point of reference for other violinist. 7. Who was Gottfried Silverman? Silverman and Bach were contemporaries and both of them worked together as colleagues and friends, both of them shared an interest and advanced knowledge of acoustics as applied to the voicing and location of organs. In their later years they would work again on the escapement mechanism for first perceptions, Silverman would receive the title of honorary court and state organ builder to the king of Poland instruments is their distinctive sound. 3. After listening to some of the music samples, how would you describe Baroque music to someone who had not heard it before? Choose at least one piece of music to discuss in detail. What instruments do you think the work uses? Who composed the Nor? What does the work sound like?

Eighteen-year-old Jenny Awoke Early One August Morning And Climbed Out

Eighteen-year-old Jenny awoke early one August morning and climbed out of bed before her big blue eyes were quite open. The hard wooden floors felt icy under her bare feet. Rushing to her window pushing back the pink cotton curtains and lifting the aging wooden pane, she inhaled the aroma of lilacs from the blooming tree below. She saw a small patch of dark clouds threatening to block out the morning sun on the horizon. There was frost on the ground covering her mother's flower bed. "No," she thought to herself, "nothing is going to ruin this day." She turned and worked her toes into velvety slippers then headed towards the bathroom. After filling the bathtub nearly full with warm water and bubbles, she slid in. With a thin, outstretched arm she switched on the stereo sitting on the vanity nearby. Her anxiety-ridden mother was downstairs preparing a large breakfast for her family and other friends and relatives that had come to visit early this morning. Her mind was cluttered with last minute plans and preparation. She felt her eyes begin to swell up with tears and she became overwhelmed with sorrow when she noticed her husband hurrying down the stairway with an armload of luggage, followed by her younger son Matthew carrying a desk chair. Today her daughter would be moving out into her own apartment in the city to attend a university. She dreaded this day for years, ever since she discovered how independent and grown-up Jenny had become throughout her teenage years. She turned away from the scene and faced the sizzling skillet again. Placing several thick slices of bacon into the pan while shielding her eyes from the splattering oil, she turned the meat repeatedly and began to weep. Jenny pulled herself up and out of the antique claw-footed bathtub. She wrapped her slender body in a cozy bath towel and slowly walked into her adjoining bedroom. She sighed and frowned as she glanced around the now vacant room. All that remained was the frame of her bed, an old, empty wooden chest of drawers and a small, purple, three-legged end table topped with a unique porcelain lamp. Her posters and pictures of friends had been removed from the walls, exposing an uneven rosy-pink paint job. Her pouty mouth now hinted at a smile. She had slept in this bedroom for eighteen years, and until now had never noticed the uneven paint. A lot of growing up happened in this room. It was where she met Alley, a neighbor who quickly became her best friend. She would soon be sharing a humble two-bedroom apartment with her boyfriend Josh, Alley and her boyfriend Mike. Today she was leaving for college. Jenny snapped back into reality at this thought and quickly scrambled into some clothing: a comfy oversized sweatshirt and worn-out blue jeans. Making her way into the bathroom she pulled the plug in the drain of the tub, towel-dried her sopping wet blonde hair and threw it into a ponytail and bounded down the stairs. As Jenny proceeded down the stairs and she observed a smooth, heated fragrance of what her mother was cooking. A pleasing scent of sweet warm butter, fresh oven-baked bread, and fruit filled the air surrounding her. Her mother's cooking would definitely be something that she would be missing. Even though her mother had taught her well, nothing compared to her mother's culinary creations. Jenny entered the kitchen through a pair of hanging saloon doors and seated herself at the dining room table. She was greeted by several caring faces of friends and neighbors, accompanied by smiles of approval from several relatives. With her mother on her left and her father to her right, they discussed the "items of business" that they had all been over numerous times before. She could sense the heartbreak that her parents were experiencing. She knew that they were not ready to let her go yet. Her mother looked extremely fatigued this morning, and almost older. Her face showed more clearly defined wrinkles and her full, sun-kissed hair seemed remarkably limp and gray. Her father remained strong throughout breakfast, although she could see the saddening concern behind his teary blue eyes. After breakfast Jenny mingled a little with relatives and exchanged various "farewells," and "miss you's," before running upstairs one last time to grab her purse and keys. This time when she returned to the kitchen her parents knew that it was time for her to leave. Her father held open

Diagnosing Depression In Ethnic Minority Groups Social Work Essay Essay Example

Diagnosing Depression In Ethnic Minority Groups Social Work Essay Essay Example Diagnosing Depression In Ethnic Minority Groups Social Work Essay Essay Diagnosing Depression In Ethnic Minority Groups Social Work Essay Essay 2005 ) . It is likely just to state depression does non happen in every state across the universe in the manner we view it in the West. Other civilizations may label it as something different. For illustration, Kleinman ( 1980, as cited in Bentall, 2003 ) found Western depression and a Chinese status called Neurasthenia to be the same thing, although expressed in different ways. Given this, I question how utile our depression label is. This essay is nevertheless, directed by the rubric and the focal point of this essay will therefore follow the DSM-IV-TR definition of depression. Harmonizing to the Office for National Statistics clinical depression is experienced by 10 % of the British Population at any one clip. Depression is a diagnosing of increasing popularity, and was once referred to as the common cold of psychopathology ( Seligman, 1975 as cited in Hawton et al. , 2000 ) . It is estimated that there are over 6 million people in England entirely who are designated as from minority cultural groups ( Department of Health ( DoH ) , 2003 ) . Much of our current cognition of depression in UK African-Caribbean people relies on limited research demoing inconsistent consequences. I feel such statistics frequently lead to misdiagnosis, as clinicians are informed by research and policy. In order to avoid statistical favoritism I have hence non included any informations displaying suggested prevalence rates of depression in this population. Chakraborty A ; McKenzie ( 2002 ) points out that early surveies were criticized for methodological jobs, but argues that more recent surveies have attempted to recommend more strict methodological analysis. More recent surveies tend to propose a high prevalence of depression in African-Caribbean populations ( e.g. Nazroo, 1997 as cited in Chakraborty A ; McKenzie, 2002 ) . Interestingly, it is besides thought that depressio n is underecognised and undertreated in African-Caribbeans, particularly in primary attention ( Ahmed A ; Bhugra, 2006 ) . To what extent is rank of an cultural minority group influential in the procedure of diagnosing of people sing depression? In the recent Inside Outside UK national enterprise ( Department of Health, 2003 ) a well-established nexus between wellness attention disparities and ethnicity is claimed and constructions are recommended which mark this. I question the wider deductions of bring forthing such paperss as it appears to propose people should be viewed otherwise harmonizing to their cultural position. As Lewis-Fernandez A ; Diaz ( 2002 ) justly indicate out, even people who portion the same cultural minority position can differ, as cultural groups are culturally heterogenous . As celebrated above, rank of an cultural group is non a inactive thing and there are huge differences within an ethnic group every bit good as exterior of it. I can associate to this as I frequently have troubles when finishing the cultural position box on equal chances signifiers. Although I would category myself as white-British my male parent is Italian-American and my female parent is Swiss, hence I have four passports. I usually choose to categorise myself as British nevertheless this sometimes alterations to white-other or white-American depending on where I have been populating. In my experience, I feel the desire to categorise people in society outweighs the utility of making so. Given the progressively multicultural clime of the UK it may non ever be accurate to province that white people are of the dominant beginning nevertheless statistically that is presently the instance. This means that the comparatively recent rush in involvement and attending on differences of cultural groups in mental wellness is frequently taken from an essentialist position ( Giles A ; Middleton, 1999 ) , where differences are observed from my or our position. Claims made in research detailing differences between cultural groups besides encourage categorising of persons, which merely creates an othering between groups. Othering has been explained as a manner to serve and tag those thought to be different from oneself ( Weis, 1995 as cited in Grove A ; Zwi, 2005 ) . There is a concern for me that by concentrating on the differences between African-Caribbean s and Whites, or any other ethnic minority merely serves to reenforce the thought of racial differences and segregation. Institutional racism is a signifier of favoritism, which stems from the impression that groups should be treated otherwise harmonizing to phenotypic difference ( McKenzie, 1999 ) . It has been suggested that it is widespread in the UK ( Modood et al. , 1997 ) . It seems to me that if we are to eliminate racial disparities in mental wellness attention ; concordant with the purposes of the recent Department of Health enterprise ( 2003 ) , we all need to look at the manner we are speaking and showing our thoughts around this. For the grounds merely discussed I will now try to show a position that is balanced and allows disparities of depression in African-Caribbean people to be seen in a relational context. Whilst I will depict possible countries of difference, the purpose is non to pigeonhole people harmonizing to their ethnicity. Presentation The bodily manners of sing and showing hurt may be different for some people of African-Caribbean beginning life in the UK than people from other cultural backgrounds. Some surveies suggest they experience and nowadays more bodily symptoms of depression, e.g. concerns, aching limbs ( Comino et al, 2001 ) . Comino and co-workers besides contend that idioms of hurt differ linguistically and can take the signifier of cultural metaphors . If clinicians do non acknowledge these symptoms as marks of hurt I imagine some clients may be left feeling rather frustrated. For us, as healers, this does do the procedure of diagnosing more complex. An consciousness of the possibility of bodily presentations, with a position to asking about the clients apprehension of them seems helpful. A alone attack for the appraisal and apprehension of bodily symptoms of depression and parlances of hurt has been developed ( Lewis-Fernandez A ; Diaz, 2002 ) . There have besides been efforts at placing the nucleus symptoms of depression across different cultural groups, although the last one is most likely outdated now. In their big cross-cultural survey, Jablensky et al. , ( 1981 as cited in Bhugra A ; Ayonrinde, 2004 ) found nine common international symptoms of depression ; unhappiness, joylessness, anxiousness, tenseness, deficiency of energy, loss of involvement, hapless concentration and thoughts of inadequacy, insufficiency and ineptitude. Possibly making more surveies like this could assist in us developing a more cosmopolitan attack to symptom acknowledgment. Despite the grounds, I do believe that symptom presentation of depression can change for a figure of grounds wholly unrelated to an person s cultural minority position. Children were one time considered a hard and under diagnosed population as they frequently present with bodily symptoms ( e.g. failure to do expected weight additions in really immature kids ; Carson A ; Cantwell, 1980 ) which makes it hard to name. Subsequently, evaluation graduated tables and steps have been devised which are appropriate for different age groups and enable a conventional diagnosing to be made ( Goodyer, 2001 ) . Peoples populating with HIV may besides show bodily symptoms of depression. Kalichman et al. , ( 2000 ) suggest available methods for separating overlapping symptoms should be utilised when measuring such persons. It seems obvious to me that we have to accommodate standard methods of acknowledging depressive symptoms when covering with the diverseness that of course occurs in human existen ces. Language is besides thought to be a possible barrier ( e.g. Unutuzer, 2002 ) in the diagnostic procedure of depression. African-Caribbean people may non ever speak clear English but speak multiple local linguistic communications or with an speech pattern. Whilst I know this happens, I could non happen any research look intoing the per centums of African-Caribbean people in the UK and their linguistic communication abilities. This alleged barrier could hence be perceived instead than existent ; nevertheless I will briefly discuss methods to work with this in the clinical context. As stated in the aforesaid Inside Outside papers ( 2003 ) mental wellness services now aim to be culturally capable , which includes undertaking troubles with linguistic communication. There is no uncertainty in my head that communicating is a cardinal component in diagnosing, and I know from personal experience that non being able to pass on in a locally understood linguistic communication can do people to experience stray. Therefore, guaranting linguistic communication entree for people who speak a linguistic communication other than English through appropriate interpreting/translating services is important. However, I do experience that this parallels a demand for people who have other troubles with linguistic communication. For illustration, I am certain it can be hard to place depression in persons who have suffered badly dehabilitating shots or physical hurts where address is badly impaired. My point is that there are an array of factors which influence the manner people talk about their troubles and how they are understood by clinicians. Not being able to talk the English linguistic communication in a clear English speech pattern is merely one of those factors. I feel the issue raised here is more related to how we work with diverseness instead than how we work with ethnicity. Formulation As a trainee clinical psychologist involved in the diagnostic procedure of depression I am besides concerned with the preparation procedure and how this is affected. The beliefs people have about the nature and causes of depression do differ between civilizations. For illustration, Bhugra et al. , ( 1997 ) identified some African and Asiatic civilizations view depression as part of life s ups and downs , instead than a treatable status. From this position, many psychological theoretical accounts which aid us in understanding depression can account for the differing beliefs and experiences of people. For illustration, the Cognitive theoretical account of depression ( Beck, 1967, 1976 ) suggests that people s early experiences lead people to organize beliefs or schemes about themselves and the universe. These premises are thought to do negative automatic ideas which perpetuate symptoms of depression on five different degrees ; behavioral, motivational, affectional, cognitive and bodi ly. Despite this theoretical account being rather flexible at face value, nevertheless, the negative cognitive three ( Beck, 1976 ) is directed by the beliefs and experiences of the person. This may non suit in with those from more leftist civilizations. Indeed, we know that societal webs frequently play an of import portion in the belief systems of cultural minority members ( Bhugra A ; Ayonrinde, 2004 ) . Therefore, believing more systemically may be peculiarly utile when sing persons from cultural minority groups. However, we do need to be cautious in doing premises about what beliefs people from cultural minorities have. There is a danger that in making so, we may be able to explicate quicker but may besides do considerable hurt to the client. I late attended a mental wellness consciousness class as portion of my arrangement where an African Caribbean service user came to speak to us about her experiences of being in the mental wellness system. She described her foremost traumatic admittance to infirmary after a close self-destruction effort at the age of 19. She told us it was persistently assumed by mental wellness staff that she had attempted suicide because she did non understand or suit in with the preponderantly white community in her country. She told us how disquieted and misunderstood this made her feel, as this was non the instance at all. On contemplation, this highlights the importance of service-user feedback in clinical pattern. The inquiry I see looking with respects is how we as clinicians in the UK can outdo explore the beliefs, experiences and background of the multicultural population we are working with in order to name suitably. As Fernandez A ; Diaz justly point out, to make this we need a systematic method for arousing and measuring cultural information in the clinical brush ( Lewis-Fernandez A ; Diaz, 2002 ) . There is a dearth of information debating ways to take this forward and theoretical accounts to encapsulate these thoughts are presently being developed and tested in the USA. One such theoretical account is the Cultural Formulation theoretical account ( Lewis-Fernandez A ; Diaz, 2002 ) , which is an enlargement on the depression guidelines, published in the DSM-IV-TR. This advanced theoretical account consists of five constituents ; measuring cultural individuality, cultural accounts of the unwellness, cultural factors related to the psychosocial environment and degrees of operation, cul tural elements of the clinician-client relationship and the overall impact of civilization on diagnosing and attention. I find this theoretical account really inclusive as it can still arouse really utile information about culturally-based norms, values and behaviors even when there is no cultural difference between the clinician and the client. Whilst cultural differences exist within an cultural group, they are non needfully ethnicity-bound. For illustration, they can every bit be associated with an person s age, gender, socioeconomic position, educational background, household position and wider societal web ( Ahmed A ; Bhugra, 2006 ) . If this is the instance, so I would state that it is of import for clinicians to hold a really explorative and funny attack when measuring and naming an person in a mental wellness service, whether they are from an cultural minority or non. To what extent is rank of an cultural minority group influential in the procedure of intervention of people sing depression? Some people with depression get better without any intervention. However, populating with depression can be disputing as it impacts many countries of an persons life including relationships, employment, and their physical wellness. Therefore, many people with depression do seek some signifier of intervention. This procedure normally begins at primary attention degree and so a collaborative determination is made between the patient and the clinician as to what intervention suits them best. It has been suggested that Africa-Caribbean people are less tolerant to antidepressant medicine than Whites ( Cooper et al. , 1993 ) . Therefore this subdivision of this essay will concentrate on the procedure of psychological interventions of depression. Treatments vary and have altered radically with the turning usage of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT ) , which is based on the scientist-practitioner theoretical account and routinely offers outcome informations ( Whitfield A ; Whitefield, 2003 ) . In CBT, and in the bulk of other speaking therapies, intervention normally involves seeing a healer for a figure of Sessionss on a regular footing. Seeking aid There look to be two chief possible barriers when it comes to the intervention of down clients from cultural minorities. First, the help-seeking behavior of African-Caribbean and other cultural minority groups have attracted considerable attending in the research sphere. Members of the African-Caribbean population are thought to be less likely to seek professional intervention for psychological hurt ( e.g. Bhui et al. , 2003 ) . Whilst reading a mountain of documents naming grounds why the help-seeking behavior of people from cultural minorities is so different , a few thoughts sprung to my head. From my ain experience when people are really down they may fight to acquire motivated and do less usage of the support available to them. Furthermore, I wonder whether one it is a possibility that African-Caribbean s bash non near services every bit much because of negative experiences of the UK mental wellness system. I recall seeing an aged Jamaican gentleman for an appraisal last twelvemonth whilst working as an Assistant in a Clinical Health section. Following the really limited referral information I had, I elicited his thoughts about what brought him to our service. He told me that he had felt unable to get by with his low temper and intrusive ideas for some piece, nevertheless he did non experience able to seek aid because a household member of his had been treated below the belt by mental wellness staff be fore. Possibly the grounds for people non accessing intervention are simpler than we think. In their survey of grounds for exclusion of African-Caribbean people in mental wellness services, Mclean et al. , ( 2003 ) found the types of interactions between staff and patients strongly associated with disparities in intervention. They encourage positive, non-judgmental interactions as the first measure on the way to societal inclusion of mental wellness services ( Mclean et al. , 2003 ) . Their survey reminded me of a study I read late on arrangement about the Circles of Fear ( Salisbury Centre for Mental Health, 2002 ) . Basically, this study stipulates that people from cultural minorities tend to hold a more negative experience of the mental wellness system. Peoples may so fear the effects of going involved with it and avoid contact. This leads me to believe that we ( the wellness service ) are really much portion of the ground why such persons may non seek aid. Geography may besides be a ground for changing help-seeking behavior. Peoples populating in rural countries are thought to be at hazard of confronting isolation and favoritism in mental wellness intervention ( Barry et al. , 2000 ) . I do believe there is something valuable about looking at populations which services are non making. However, it has merely struck me that composing about the help-seeking behavior of people can come across as rather faulting and puts the duty really much with the person. Whatever the ground, if minority members are less likely to acquire appropriate attention, I feel the focal point should be on how to prosecute different members of society in effectual attention for depression. Fortunately, down people who fail to seek aid for intervention can frequently be identified and treated in general medical scenes ( Shulberg et al. , 1999 ) . One survey besides suggests that the bulk of people who are depressed do desire aid, irrespective of their ethnicity ( D wight-Johnson et al. , 1997 ) . What I find peculiarly interesting is that the desire for aid seems to be related to the badness of the depression in precedency of their cultural minority position. Thus it appears that ethnicity, badness of depression, geographical location, old experiences with the mental wellness system and beliefs about what aid is available all influence help-seeking behavior. Psychological Treatment The 2nd claimed trouble in the intervention of African-Caribbean people who are depressed is hapless attending rates and incompletion of intervention ( Bhugra A ; Ayonrinde, 2004 ) . There are besides claims that African-Caribbean people are more likely to see a poorer result from intervention. Given that the hunt for a biological cause for disparities in intervention success rates has non been fruitful we must turn our focal point to other accounts. For illustration, we now know that the relationship between the healer and client is a cardinal constituent of intervention result ( Hovarth A ; Greenberg, 1994 ) . As such, I am traveling to concentrate on those accounts which link to the curative confederation. There are few empirical surveies which explore how cultural differences affect the curative confederation and these have consisted largely of client penchants. Cultural strangeness may move as intervention to some African-Caribbean people remaining in psychological intervention ( Davidson, 1987 ) . In their survey of secondary school pupils, Uhlemann et al. , ( 2004 ) looked at how being an cultural minority healer affected relationships in a guidance puting. They found cultural minority counselors were perceived more favourably than white-Caucasian counselors. Most pupils believed healers were less able to understand or sympathize with them if the healer was ethnically different. In another survey Coleman et al. , ( 1995 ) surveyed surveies comparing cultural minority clients penchants of healers, being ethnically similar or ethnically dissimilar. They found that in most instances clients preferable healers of similar cultural background, peculiarly those with strong cultural fond regards. I acknowledge that this may be something to be cognizant of as a healer ; nevertheless I do non believe this in itself would set people off psychological intervention. It might be utile for us as healers to turn to this issue and to make so early on in the intervention procedure. One manner of making this could be to turn to any obvious cultural differences and research together how it may impact the given relationship. This may besides assist the procedure of understanding which is deemed really of import in beef uping the curative confederation. Whilst this is something I will seek and be cognizant of in my pattern, I besides feel it is of import to show this treatment in a realistic and in context. From my experience as a trainee, the age and sum of experience a healer is far more valuable and influential than the cultural position of a healer. One lady I saw late had trouble accepting me as her healer for the simple fact that she worried about how much I would be able to assist her in comparing to a qualified clinical psychologist. There was besides an cultural difference between us but this was did non do her concern. Similarly, Coleman et al. , ( 1995 ) asked clients persons in their survey to name the features of a competent healer in order of importance. Certain plenty, they found that people placed cultural similarity below that of other features such as educational ability, adulthood, gender, personality and attitude. I think this illuminates merely how of import it is for us to orient the intervention procedure to t he single demands and concerns of the client. Is a more holistic attack to psychological intervention of depression the reply? I do inquire whether CBT, the current preferable theoretical account of intervention, will shortly lose its popularity. The slightly normative nature of CBT for depression may intend the changing demands of people in our multicultural clime are non being met. Rather than making new and separate intervention theoretical accounts or services for cultural minority clients, possibly we should be encompassing 1s which encourage clients to take the intervention. One theoretical account I find demonstrates this is the Recovery theoretical account. Recovery from mental unwellness is seen as a personal journey and the alone experiences of each person are valued and explored ( Jacobson A ; Greenley, 2001 ) . Treatment utilizing this theoretical account works around assisting the client addition hope, a secure base, supportive relationships, authorization, societal inclusion, get bying accomplishments, and happeni ng intending to their experiences. Although used more with persons sing major mental wellness jobs, I think the rules are really inclusive and utile for the intervention of any mental wellness job, including depression. Of class, I have merely touched upon one theoretical account and there are many more which embrace single differences. Brooding statement As a current trainee on my grownup mental wellness arrangement, I can non feign that I am able to supply an nonsubjective nor extensively experient position. I am besides cognizant that I am at the beginning of my first arrangement, in a service which really much promotes recovery from mental unwellness through understanding the person instead than flatly through their psychiatric label. Whilst this may hold had an influence over my stance towards the essay subject, I have witnessed the positive effects in my clinical work of non categorising people and experience that this has indicated some valid concerns. Upon completing this essay it came to mind that that the perkiness of the essay may be a contemplation of the thoughts and inquiries I have been coping with as portion of my pattern on arrangement. However, these thoughts are by no means a closed trade and I continue to work with them in an applied context. Furthermore, I acknowledge that had I chosen to show this essay presuming that it was the healer who was a member of an cultural minority, my essay and decisions may be really different. How will compose this essay impact my pattern as a Trainee Clinical psychologist? I do experience we are in a combative state of affairs. If we treat people otherwise harmonizing to any issue of diverseness we run the hazard of perpetuating institutional racism. On the other side of the coin, if we work with everybody in precisely the same manner and attempt and fit people in to Eurocentric systems so we run the hazard of disregarding of import cultural differences. What I will take from this is the importance of being sensitive to people s backgrounds and experiences and probe of what makes them who they are. I will decidedly try to convey more flexibleness, wonder and receptivity to my pattern and acknowledge when there is a noticeable difference between myself and the client in the curative scene. Decision In decision, rank of an cultural minority group may act upon the diagnosing and intervention procedure in how people experience depression, nowadays to services and perchance how they proceed with psychological interventions. If we are to name and handle depression through a Euro centric lens, we should be encompassing the usage of theoretical accounts which allow for cultural diverseness in the diagnosing and intervention of depression. However, as I hope I have demonstrated in my authorship, no two people in a curative scene will of all time be precisely the same. So how utile is it to continually concentrate on cultural differences when they are merely one bead in the ocean of diverseness? Possibly alternatively we need a displacement in the dominant discourses environing cultural differences in mental wellness? The existent challenge I think we face is understanding how the individuality of the single contributes to the diagnosing and intervention of depression.

Modern Performance Management Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Modern Performance Management Studies - Essay Example This paper aims to provide a reinforcement of the above school of thought, by examining the practical application of sound human resource management principles laid out in accordance with the theories outlined in MIT Sloan School of Management educator Douglas McGregor's classic work, 'The Human Side of Enterprise (1960)", in which he identified an approach of creating an environment within which employees are motivated by two theories, named by him as Theory X and Theory Y. He was the advocate of Theory Y, which is the practical application of Dr. Abraham Maslow's Humanistic School of Psychology, in another interrelated classic work, "A Theory of Human Motivation (1943)". The paper aims to seek the reasons why one theory prevails over another, as we take a look into the practical implications of the theories in actual examples from the corporate world. Conceptual background: Theory X and Theory Y are at the centre of the human motivation principles outlined in McGregor's work. These are the main postulates of both theories (McGregor, 1960): Theory X: In this the... The average human being likes to be directed, and mainly desires security above everything else. The main consequence being, that it leads to a more authoritarian style of management in the concerned company which may not favour the company's business interests in the longer run. Theory Y: In this theory, management assumes that employees are ambitious, self-motivated, eager to accept greater responsibility, and exercise self-control and self-direction, taking an optimistic view. It is believed that employees enjoy their mental and physical work activities, and thus desire to be imaginative and creative in their jobs, when given a chance. There is always an opportunity for greater productivity by giving employees the freedom to do their best. In no uncertain terms, a Theory Y manager would believe, given the right conditions, most people will want to do well at work and there is always a pool of unused creativity in the workforce. They believe that the satisfaction of doing a good job is a strong motivation in itself, and the ultimate goal of a sound HR professional is to remove the barriers that prevent workers from fully actualizing themselves. Modern critics argue that both theories are seldom used explicitly, in any organisation. It is common sense understanding, the theories per se represent unrealistic extremes. Most employers (and employees) fall somewhere relative to the extreme values, and hence,

The Developing Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Developing Manager - Assignment Example This essay discusses that delegation involves assigning duties to workers so that they can complete them on behalf of the manager. Delegation enables managers to assign duties to employees who have the right skills; this enables companies to achieve their targets because workers complete numerous duties simultaneously. The author of the report has the skills of determining the workers who are suitable to complete certain tasks because he matches their skills with those required to carry out certain duties. If the organization lacks workers who can complete certain tasks efficiently, he organizes for them on the job trainings that fill their skills gaps.From the report it is clear that  leadership involves showing individuals the right way to follow when they are completing their tasks. Managers should possess this skill because they cannot manage successfully if they are not efficient leaders.  Problem-solving skills enable managers to solve conflicts that arise in their organiza tions successfully. The author uses his problem-solving skills to resolve conflicts among workers and departmental managers in the organization. He finds solutions that end the conflicts in a way that satisfies all the parties who are involved in the problem. This increases the satisfaction of workers and it motivates them to work hard for the organization.  Team management is a skill that enables leaders to organize various players in a company so that they can work in union. The author manages teams by first determining the workers who should work in a team.

The Public Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Public Debt - Essay Example As the paper declares a report issued in April, 2005, by the National Center for Children in Poverty, cites 40 percent of America’s children live in families with poverty level incomes. The Bush Administration, the report says, and Congress has called for dramatic cuts in a program that is already struggling to meet the needs of the low-income families currently on the program. The program, which received increased funding during the 1990s to facilitate the Welfare to Work goals, continued to turn away thousands of needy due to limited resources. Medicaid, a federally sponsored program that works in conjunction with state resources to provide healthcare to needy families, would also be dramatically cut as part of the existing proposals. This essay stresses that congressmen and women enjoy a great many perks at the public expense. According to the National Taxpayer’s Union Foundation, â€Å"Members elected in 1984 and thereafter pay 1.3 percent towards the pension and 6.2 percent to Social Security. This only compensates for about 1/5 of the typical lifetime benefit. We cover the rest as taxpayers.† Why should our lawmakers be held to a different standard than the people struggling to support them? The answer is, they should not, and they should contribute to the retirement and Social Security systems like any other worker in America. When we have lawmakers who routinely look to the elderly, impoverished and children to pay for the Public Debt, perhaps this time around, our cuts should begin with them.

Negative Schizotypy Reflect A Continuously Deficit Psychology Essay

Negative Schizotypy Reflect A Continuously Deficit Psychology Essay The DSM-IV: APA, diagnosiss schizophrenia based on reoccurring symptoms, including hallucinations delusions, disorganised speech, disorganised or catatonic behaviour and negative. One reason for cognitive impairments observed in schizophrenia is the processing of context. Cohen (1999) states context processing is used in general to mean the functioning of mental effort or cognitive control. It is referred to actively holding information to be used to mediate task appropriate behaviour. Buchanan et al (1994) states negative symptoms of schizophrenia are connected with deficits involving executive functioning memory. Further evidence from Dibben, et al (2009) explains executive dysfunction shows difficulty in maintaining contextual information, therefore may be an endophenotype of the schizophrenia spectrum of disorders. Research has found there are certain negative schizotypy traits, associated with schizophrenia. Lenzenweger (2010) defines schizoptypy as an underlying personality construct rather than a set of explicit behaviours, which may indicate a concealed risk of future schizophrenia. Schizotypy traits which parallel symptoms of schizophrenia vary from low to pathological, suggesting schizophrenia as a spectrum disorder. Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) presents as similar symptoms to schizophrenia but are explained as a border line state in DSM-III (APA, 1980) SPD not severe enough to meet the criteria to be diagnosed as schizophrenic. Therefore signifying schizophrenia corresponds to the severe end of the spectrum. Additional support from OFlynn et al (2007) shows individuals with high schizotypy scores are cognitively linked to schizophrenia as part of a schizophrenia spectrum. Furthermore Diforio (2000) found SPD patients exhibit cognitive impairment in numerous areas, such as execu tive functioning, dual task information processing and working memory. These are similar to those seen in schizophrenia, although less severe. Studies by Barch (2004) also found individuals expressing schizotypal characteristics express deficits in attention and working memory. Studying individuals with schizotypy traits or SPD can help towards understanding systems and psychological processes contributing to schizophrenia, without confounding factors such as medication effects intervening, which is problematic when researching schizophrenia. The O-LIFE was developed to focus on traits rather than symptoms. It measures four sub-scales associated with schizotypal traits, all have been recognized to have high internal consistency. These are unusual experiences = 0.89, cognitive disorganisation = 0.87, introvertive anhedonia = 0.82 and impulse nonconformity = 0.77. (Mason et al 1995) Evidence from Burch et al (1998) found O-LIFEs test-retest reliability to be very high. However this investigation just measures introvertive anhedonia commonly referred to as a negative schizotypy trait. Meehl (1962) states Anhedonia is the reduced ability to experience social and physical sources of pleasure, as well as avoidance of intimacy, it is an important characteristic of negative symptoms describing it as one of the most consistent and dramatic behavioural signs of the disease. Additionally high social anhedonia as suggested by Blanchard et al (2000) may indicate schizotypy, relating it to a taxon amongst an undergraduate population. A study by Kwapil (1998) suggests higher scores of social anhedonia have been correlated to a greater probability of being diagnosed with future schizophrenia. This investigates uses the O-LIFE questionnaire to measure scores on the introvertive anhedonia subscale and to observe if higher scorers have difficulty with contextual processing. Haddon et al (2011) claim biconditional discrimination in the form of a contextual processing task may be used to measure the way in which task-setting cues control performance. Participants are required to learn relationships by trial-and-error between random pairs of stimuli and feedback responses. Cohen Servan-Schreiber (1992) propose task-setting cues are essential in resolving conflict which opposing stimulus-response pathways create. A study by Mason et al (1995) examined performance of participants with high and low schizotypy scores, using biconditional discrimination and a control discrimination which did not use task-setting cues. Findings showed those who scored highly on the introvertive anhedonia subscale performed weakly on the biconditional. Therefore Liddle (1987) suggests deficits in bic onditional discrimination are directly related to the introvertive anhedonia schizotypy subscale. Furthermore Burch et al (1998) states high schizotypy scores are related to impairments on cognitive tasks, similar to those with schizophrenia. Looking at previous research this investigation aims to replicate (using a related discrimination procedure) and generalise findings of Haddon et al (2011), also to contribute to developing projects on schizotypy which looks to understand effects of core cognitive deficits on severe mental illness. The investigation hypothesises the high schizotypy group will find completion of biconditional discrimination more difficult than lower groups. Method Design An experimental design was used in this study. The independent variables were the schizotypy groups 1, 2, 3 and 4. The dependent variable was the biconditional discrimination score. Participants 92 undergraduates (75 females and 17 males) participated in return for course credit and were undiagnosed as schizophrenic or taking psychotropic medication. Materials Materials included the O-life (The Oxford and Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences) questionnaire and a contextual processing task. (O-LIFE; Mason 1995) This was chosen as it is a reliable and valid measure that was specifically designed for use with sub-clinical populations. A desktop computer running windows and visual basic was used for displaying the stimuli and recording the participants responses. The contextual processing task programme was designed specifically for the investigation. Procedure Participants were tested individually in a quiet environment. The 160-item O-LIFE questionnaire used for measuring schizotypal characteristics within the normal population was shown on a projector screen and participants had to circle yes or no to the corresponding question on an answer sheet. Participants were allocated to schizotypy groups of 20 based on their introvertive anhedonia score relative to the distribution of this trait in participants of similar age and gender. They carried out a contextual processes task which tested biconditional discrimination. Participants assumed the role of a stockbroker and advised clients on stock profitability. In total of 80 training trials presented the participant with pairs of hypothetical stocks including chemicals and paper or metal and wood. Participants then discriminated on a 9 point scale which pairs of stocks would result in profit (positive outcome) and which would result in losses (negative outcome). Participants were instructed to provide a confidence rating of 1 if certain there would be a loss a rating of 5 if uncertain and a rating of 9 if certain of a profit, feedback was provided on the outcome. All four types of trial (AX, BX, AY, BY) (see fig 2) were presented randomly once within each cycle, 20 trials of each compound in total. Biconditional training AX+ AY- BY+ BX- Fig 2 Table of contingences. Completing the task involves attending to both cues consecutively to predict important events. When processing one cue (X) participants have to consider the context in which it is displayed (A or B). Data Analysis As there were multiple levels of the independent variable a one way between ANOVA was used to test for a difference. This analysis decreases chance of a type 1 error. The dependent variable biconditional discrimination was measured by taking the average difference between profit (AX BY) and loss (AY BX) trials in the final 40 trials of learning. Analysis was carried out this way because as Haddon et al (2011) show the effects between the groups emerge as learning progresses. A single score ranging from -8 and +8 was therefore produced reflecting each participants contextual learning ability. The higher the participants score the more context learning ability they have. As ANOVA only states whether there is an overall significant effect Bonferroni post hoc tests were carried out to find which means were significantly different from each other. Results Levenes test of homogeneity of variance is used to report whether variance is significantly different between groups. We cannot use the ANOVA model if there is a significant difference, although for this study Levenes test of homogeneity of variance was non-significant, (p>0.05) therefore ANOVA data can be interpreted. One way between ANOVA shows an overall significant difference between introvertive anhedonia score and contextual processing. (F (3, 88) = 6.019, p Pairwise comparisons using post hoc test bonferroni showed scores for group 1 were significantly higher than those in group 4 (p0.05). As figure 1 shows a linear association was found. (See figure 1). Figure 1. Mean discrimination score by group (s.e shown as error bars) Discussion The aim of this investigation was to further examine and replicate the findings of Haddon (2011). Findings have provided evidence consistent with this aim and hypothesis that high schizotypy groups have difficulty completing biconditional discrimination compared to lower groups. Specifically participants with higher introvertive anhedonia scores (group 4) displayed more impaired biconditional performance compared with those with low scores (group 1). The connection found between high Introvertive Anhedonia scores and impaired biconditional performance is consistent with Liddles (1987) research linking cognitive dysfunction to negative symptoms of schizophrenia and schizotypy characteristics. However it is essential to note anhedonia is not an exclusive feature of schizophrenia, having also been found in bipolar disorder. These results not only give further support to Haddon et als (2011) findings but also maintains the theory from Cohen and Servan-Schreiber (1992) that high schizotypy individuals, should be impaired on biconditional discrimination tasks since contextual information is essential for resolving conflict between opposing stimulus-response. Futhermore the statistical test ANOVA only shows there is a difference between groups scores, not stating exact cause and effect. Variation within groups could be due to individual differences or other factors that were not controlled (tiredness or mood) could affect concentration. Participants could have found the task uninteresting therefore not engaging fully; also participants different approaches to answering biconditional discrimination task can have an impact upon results. The O-LIFE questionnaire has good test-retest reliability and is useful in studying a nonclinical population. Although O-LIFE is not a diagnostic test for risk of mental illness, testing only personality traits. However there are limitations in the investigation, the sample had a clear gender bias with a larger female to male ratio. Another drawback being a young age bias as it used undergraduate students, although sampling from younger age groups produces groups with comparable distributions of introvertive anhedonia scores. Further research is needed to determine the significance of these results and their implications for the relationship between negative schizotypy traits and context processing. Researchers looking for objective indicators for causes of decline into schizophrenia could use further research using these results. Additionally larger understanding of negative symptoms could motivate research into producing therapies effective for negative symptoms. References Association, A. P. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (thrid ed.). Washington: Author. Association, A. P. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (fourth ed.). Washington: Author. Barch, D. M., Mitropoulou, V., Harvey, P. D., New, A. S., Silverman, J. M., Siever, L. J. (2004). Context-processing deficits in schizotypal personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 556-568. Blanchard, J. J., Gangestad, S. W., Brown, S. A., Horan, W. P. (2000). Hedonic capacity and schizotypy revisited: A taxometric analysis of social anhedonia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(1), 87-95. Buchanan, R. W., Strauss, M. E., Kirkpatrick, B., Holstein, C., Breier, A., Carpenter, W.T. (1994). Neuropsychological Impairments in Deficit Vs Nondeficit Forms of Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(10), 804-811. Burch, G. S. J., Steel, C., Hemsley, D. R. (1998). Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences: Reliability in an experimental population. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 107-108. Cohen, J. D., Barch, D. M., Carter, C., Servan-Schreiber, D. (1999). Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108(1), 120-133. Cohen, J. D., Servan-Schreiber, D. (1992). Context, Cortex, and Dopamine a Connectionist Approach to Behavior and Biology in Schizophrenia. Psychological Review, 99(1), 45-77. Dibben, C. R. M., Rice, C., Laws, K., McKenna, P. J. (2009). Is executive impairment associated with schizophrenic syndromes? A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 39(3), 381-392. Diforio, D., Walker, E. F., Kestler, L. P. (2000). Executive functions in adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 42(2), 125-134. Haddon, J. E., George, D. N., Grayson, L., McGowan, C., Honey, R. C., Killcross, S. (2011). Impaired conditional task performance in a high schizotypy population: Relation to cognitive deficits. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(1), 1-9. Kwapil, T. R. (1998). Social anhedonia as a predictor of the development of schizophreniaspectrum disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(4), 558-565. Lenzenweger, M. F. (2010). Schizotypy and schizophrenia: The view from experimental psychopathology. New York: Guilford Press. Liddle, P. F. (1987). The Symptoms of Chronic-Schizophrenia a Reexamination of the Positive-Negative Dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 145-151. Mason, O., Claridge, G., Jackson, M. (1995). New scale for the assessment of schizotypy, Personality and Individual Differences 18(1), 7-13. Meehl, P. E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17, 827-838. OFlynn, K., Gruzelier, J., Bergman, A. and Siever, L.J. (2007) The Schizophrenia Spectrum Personality Disorders, in Schizophrenia, Second Edition (eds S. R. Hirsch and D. R. Weinberger), Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK.

Osmosis Experiment :: Papers

Osmosis Experiment Aim: The aim of this experiment is to show how osmosis works in a plant cell. Plan: Method The ways we will do this experiment is firstly by getting a beaker and put a 100ml of water in it, then get a visking tube and put it in the beaker, so we don't block the holes with natural grease on our hands. After, we will get another beaker and pour some 1% sugar solution in it. When we have done this, we get one end of the visking tube and 'ruffle' it, then we get some string and one person will tie the end of the tube, while the other person hold it. The visking tube then will go back in the water, while we get a dropper and the beaker of sugar solution. After we will use the dropper to slowly and neatly pour the 1% sugar solution in the visking tube; we will fill it up  ¾ of the way. Then again one person will tie the other end; while the other person holds the tube, so now we have both end tied- we will make sure they are no leaks. When we have done this, we will take the beaker with water and visking tube to a weighing machine; we will then take the visking tube out and measure the mass of it (in grams). After, we will put the visking tube back in the beaker and leave it there for about 20 minutes. When the time is up, we will measure the mass of the visking tube again (in grams). During the experiment, we will observe the visking tube during the 20 minutes and see if the mass has increased or decreased at the end of the experiment. This experiment could be repeated, but using a 10% sugar solution, which would have helped us differ the different mass increase or decrease in both of them. We were planning to do this one to, but unfortunately-due to fewer supplies of visking tubes we could only

Alcohol and Advertising Essay

â€Å"Alcohol is not often thought of as a drug – largely because its use is common for both religious and social purposes in most parts of the world. It is a drug, however, and compulsive drinking in excess has become one of modern society’s most serious problems† (ARF). This is so true because many people don’t consider alcohol a drug but the effects it has on you are so serious that it should be. â€Å"The effects of drinking do not depend on the type of alcoholic beverage – but rather on the amount of alcohol consumed on a specific occasion† (ARF). To give you a background on alcohol, here is a quick refresher on how it works and the effects it has on your body. â€Å"Alcohol is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine, and less rapidly from the stomach and colon. The drinker’s blood alcohol concentration depends on the amount consumed in a given time, the drinker’s size, sex, body build, and metabolism, and the type and amount of food in the stomach† (ARF). The effects of alcohol are very frightening to even consider. They depend on â€Å"the amount taken at one time, the user’s past drug experience, the manner in which the drug is taken and the circumstances under which the drug is taken† (ARF). At 50mg you experience mild intoxication which includes a â€Å"feeling of warmth, skin flushed; impaired judgment and decreased inhibitions† (ARF). From there you can go all the way down to 500mg which will more than likely cause death. It is an extremely scary thought to know that a substance that can cause death is freely advertised on television so that even our children can see it. In fact, they are the targets of some manufacturers marketing. In this paper we will show you both sides of whether alcohol companies should be allowed to advertise on television or not and then give you our conclusion. No – Alcohol Advertising Should Not Be Allowed On Television Alcohol companies should not be allowed to advertise on television. In today’s society, more and more children are spending all of their free time in front of a television. They don’t go outside and play anymore, they just come home from school and flip on Jerry Springer or a soap opera. Adults need to take the responsibility to protect children from undue influences as much as they can. Banning alcohol advertisements would be a simple way to help this process. In a recent study done by the Center for Media Education (CME), they found that many alcohol companies actually target youth even though it is illegal for them to drink. Companies use such things as â€Å"cartoons, personalities, language, music, or branded merchandise popular in youth culture or which would be particularly attractive to college or high-school-aged students† (CME). This shows a blatant attempt on their part to recruit new consumers who are underage. There have been previous attempts to stop alcohol companies from targeting youth such as the Voluntary Alcohol Advertising Standards for Children Act, but that is just the thing, it is voluntary. This is a try at making themselves look responsible but they still really aren’t. This Act pressures broadcasters to simply not run alcohol advertisements. It shouldn’t be the responsibility of the broadcasters to filter what goes on the air. Alcohol companies should not waste their money making these ads to begin with. Instead, they need to target a more mature audience who have the right to consume their products. The beer and liquor companies claim they don’t target youth but how can that be when you see the â€Å"Budweiser frogs or the Coors’ â€Å"Tap the Rockies† campaigns or Seagram’s dogs and Hiram Walker’s Kahlua Mudslide† (Hacker). Many of these companies have, in the past, even advertised on the youth-oriented MTV. Anheuser-Busch just recently pulled their ads off MTV. â€Å"Why did it take 10 years since â€Å"age-21† became the law of the land for the world’s largest brewer to stop competing for attention on MTV with ads for pimple control products and sports equipment† (Hacker)? â€Å"Indeed the evidence is that even young children are aware of alcohol advertisements and tend to remember them. Manufacturers further reduce the chances of young people failing to get the message by sponsorship of sports teams and events and music concerts having particular appeal to the young† (IAS). â€Å"Today, kids are bombarded by more than $700 million in beer, wine, and liquor ads on radio and television. Those ads encourage them to drink, and they bolster unacceptable levels of alcohol consumption among young people and the problems that go with it† (Hacker). When considering the Budweiser frogs, â€Å"a recent study by the San Francisco-based Center on Alcohol Advertising tested commercial and character recall among 9-11 year olds. The results: the children demonstrated higher recall (73%) of the Budweiser frogs’ slogan than of the slogans associated with other television animal characters, including Tony the Tiger (57%), Smokey the Bear (43%), and the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (39%). Only Bugs Bunny did slightly better, at 80% recall of â€Å"Eh, what’s up doc? † Overall, 81% of the children surveyed identified beer as the product promoted by the frogs† (Hacker). This is a scary revelation, that our children know more about beer ads than the cartoon characters who promote good products. There are too many people who are hurting themselves and others as a result of alcohol abuse. In the past, there have been studies done that find there is nothing wrong with alcohol companies advertising on TV, but a study done by the Marin Institute found differently. â€Å"’Until now, most of the studies done on the subject conclude that alcohol advertising doesn’t affect drinking behavior,’ says Henry Saffer, research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, ‘The alcohol industry uses these studies to bolster its argument that advertising only induces people to switch brands. These studies keep coming and find nothing because they set themselves up to find nothing’† (Abramson). â€Å"The NIAAA estimates that 14 million Americans meet the diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence and about 100,000 Americans die each year from alcohol-related injuries, one-fourth of them on the highways† (Abramson). Granted that these are not just children but they had to start somewhere too and more than likely they began drinking at a young age. One way to help reduce these injuries and deaths is to create counter-ads. â€Å"Consumption decreases as the level of counter-advertising rises. Counter-advertising could be funded by taxing alcohol advertising† (Abramson). The study done by Saffer at the Marin Institute was a long one, it took three years to complete. â€Å"’Most researchers have little money and use inexpensive or free data on alcohol advertising expenditures that measure advertising at the national level with little annual change’, says Saffer. ‘I was able to obtain quarterly data that cost more than $25,000 from 75 cities, and that made all the difference’† (Abramson). With all of his resources he was able to come to some concrete results using a proven theory. â€Å"Saffer used a theory known as the advertising response function, which says that consumption rises as advertising increases, bus as advertising reaches the point of saturation, consumption tapers off. To measure consumption, he used highway fatalities, more than 40 percent of which involve alcohol consumption† (Abramson). â€Å"Saffer’s statistical analyses of advertising expenditures showed that decreasing alcohol advertising reduces highway fatalities† (Abramson). Another survey done by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation gave remarkable results. â€Å"An overwhelming majority of Americans say they are worried about teen drinking and would support tough measures to help curb the problem† (New and Views). One particular finding was very interesting in that it said sixty-seven percent of Americans would support a ban on television advertising on liquor. If so many people want it, why isn’t on its way to becoming a law? â€Å"There are about 9 million drinkers under age 21 in the United States and half of them are binge drinkers. When they drink, teens increase their risk of violence, date rape, sexually transmitted diseases and injury or death in traffic accidents† (Health You). These kids had to learn it somewhere. Television is becoming a way of life for many teenagers and they take what is on it as the truth. For many of them, discerning between what is the truth and what is just great advertising becomes near impossible. They need help and it is our responsibility as adults to help them. There is legislation now from Representative Kennedy called the â€Å"Children’s Protection from Alcohol Advertising Act†. This â€Å"would eliminate advertising and marketing practices that have the most impact on young people. Remaining ads would, for the first time, honestly reflect that alcohol is the number-three killer in America today, taking a toll of 100,000 lives yearly. Those ads would bear a rotating series of health and safety messages, reminding all viewers and listeners of some of the major risks related to drinking. In addition, alcoholic-beverage product labels, for the first time, would be required to reveal comprehensive, useful consumer information, such as ingredients, calories, and alcohol content, expressed in unit serving terms† (Hacker). The bill would answer the concerns of many parents and adults who feel the alcohol companies go too far in targeting youths. Alcohol companies need to be more responsible for who they target and they should also be prepared to handle the consequences of their actions as more and more people die as a result of their products. They are the ones that should be held accountable for the deaths of so many innocent people. They also should include in their advertisements the real facts. Doing this may deter people from becoming alcohol abusers. The companies do not do this though, â€Å"By definition, alcohol advertising is one-sided, avoiding any reference to the negative aspects of alcohol consumption† (IAS). They need to tell the truth and the truth is that alcohol does no good for anyone, it only hurts and destroys people and the people around them. Yes – Alcohol Advertising Should Be Allowed On Television â€Å"Advertising increases alcohol consumption, which increases alcohol abuse†¦right? WRONG. There is no solid evidence from either scientific research or practical experience that this theory of advertising is correct† (Advertising Impact). Alcohol is a legal substance so why wouldn’t it be allowed to be advertised on television? The First Amendment to the Constitution gives us the right to free speech. The American Advertising Federation opposes any effort to restrict truthful advertising about any product or service. â€Å"The U. S. Supreme Court has affirmed that truthful commercial speech enjoys the free speech protections of the First Amendment – including speech about so-called sin products. The government’s right to ban a product does not give it the right to ban speech about the product† (AAF). The AAF does not want restrictions to even begin, â€Å"bans on advertising for one product or service inevitably will lead to bans on advertising for others. Censorship is contagious† (AAF). There are some that believe that the advertising would be okay if they would agree to put warnings on the advertisements. â€Å"The alcohol industry believes that the proposed requirement of warnings in alcohol advertisements is an infringement of their First Amendment rights† (Kelly). The advertising the alcohol industry does do is simply to keep the customers they already have. â€Å"The focus of alcohol advertising is to encourage existing drinkers to maintain their brand preference, or to switch brands, and that it is not intended to attract new customers† (Kelly). â€Å"Much of the debate concerns the possible effects on children and young people. The Advertising Codes prohibit the specific targeting of minors† (IAS). Most children who watch television may like the cartoon characters but that isn’t going to make them go out and demand alcohol. They shouldn’t be allowed or able to obtain it so it shouldn’t really even matter if they see the advertisements for it. â€Å"The evidence also suggests that advertising is of less importance than other influences such as parental attitudes and example and peer group pressure† (IAS). Final Conclusions As you can see from our research, there is solid evidence that advertising alcohol on television needs to stop the way it is being done right now. There are entirely too many targets put onto young viewers. The industry may claim that it is not targeting them but there is really no explanation otherwise. Mother’s Against Drunk Driving (MADD) has come up with an exceptional set of rules for advertising alcohol on television. 1. Beverage alcohol advertising should not: a. portray or encourage drinking by individuals under the age of 21; b. use celebrities, music stars, athletes, animals, cartoon characters or other language or images that have special appeal to youth; c. depict sports, rock concerts, or other events with strong appeal to youth; or d. target spring break activities or cultural, sporting, or marketing events where it can be anticipated that a majority of the audience will be made up of people under age 21. 2. Beverage alcohol advertising should not include the licensing of youth-oriented clothing or toys that feature alcohol brand names, logos, or trade characters. 2. Beverage alcohol advertising should not portray or encourage drinking by pregnant women or women who are seeking to become pregnant. 3. Beverage alcohol advertising should not model, suggest, or otherwise encourage heavy consumption. 4. Beverage alcohol advertising should not portray or encourage drinking by alcoholics or other groups particularly vulnerable to alcohol abuse. 5. Beverage alcohol advertising should not state or imply that any level of alcohol consumption is risk-free or safe. 6. Beverage alcohol advertising should not associate alcohol consumption with high-risk activities or with situations that require alertness. 7. Beverage alcohol advertising should not depict revelry or hint at the possibility of inebriation. 8. Beverage alcohol advertising should not portray drinking as a means to achieve popularity or social acceptance, sexual appeal, or social or financial status. 9. Beverage alcohol advertising should not portray drinking in association with sexual passion, promiscuity, or any other amorous activity as a consequence of or in association with alcohol consumption. These rules would be wonderful if the alcohol companies would follow them. But, with the First Amendment backing them up, they are not going to change the way they market without a fight. The cartoons are working for them, so why should they change? There is a growing problem in this country with underage and binge drinking and these advertisements are only adding to the problem. We need to stop the problem at its root, which would mean taking the Budweiser frogs off the air. This is a great step toward reducing alcohol related deaths and injuries and it isn’t like the industry would be losing any money. They may even retain more profit because their advertising expense would be dramatically cut. We need to regulate these advertisements now! Bibliography American Advertising Federation (AAF). â€Å"AAF Position Statement: Alcohol Advertising Bans†. Available: http://www. aaf. org/bans. html Abramson, Hillary. The Marin Institute. â€Å"Alcohol Ads Increase Drinking†. Available: http://www. marininstitute. org/saffer. html Addiction Research Foundation (ARF). â€Å"Facts about Alcohol†. Available: http://www. arf. org/isd/pim/alcohol. html â€Å"Advertising Impact on Alcohol Abuse†. Available: wysiwig://9/http://www2. potsdam. ed†¦-info/Advertising/Advertising. html Center for Media Education (CME). â€Å"Alcohol Advertising Targeted at Youth on the Internet: An Update†. Available: http://tap. epn. org/cme/981218/alcrep. html Hacker, George. Center for Science in the Public Interest. Available: http://www. cspinet. org/booze/hacker. html Hacker, George. Press Conference on Alcohol Advertising Reforms. May 16, 1997. Available: http://www. cspinet. org/booze/516state. html Health You. May/June 1998. â€Å"Proms, Parents and Alcohol†. Available: http://www. lvhhn. org/healthy_you/magazine/proms_alcohol/ IAS. Available: http://www. ias. org. uk/factsheets/advertising. htm Kelly, Kathleen and Ruth Edwards. â€Å"Image Advertisements for Alcohol Products: Is There Appeal Associated with Adolescents’ Intention to Consume Alcohol? † Adolescence. Spring 1998. V33 n129 p47(13).

New Businesses of the 1920 essays

New Businesses of the 1920 essays After World War I many nations where economically defeated. Germany and Japan inparticular, struggled with their economy. The United States was one of the few nations that flourished during this period (Groner 273-275). There was an explosion of new businesses in the 1920s, mostly in the industries of transportation, entertainment and retail sales. World War I was the first war in which airplanes were used. They were first flown for observation, but later began to engage in bombing and aerial duels (Baughman 87). After the war people began to realize the many uses of airplanes. Many airlines that had their beginnings in the 1920s started out carrying mail but then switched over to the growing business of passenger flights (Mattera 483-484). One of the first airlines was Douglas Airlines. It was started by Donald Douglas in Santa Monica, CA (Aviation Resource Center 3). Although it is not operating under that name any longer, it paved the way for the many airlines to come. Another big airline was American Airlines. It was started by a few Wall Street financiers who accumulated a couple of airline companies and combined them (Mattera 496). Delta Airlines also had its beginnings in the 1920s. Delta started out as a crop-dusting operation in Louisiana. When they switched over to mail and passengers flights, they dom inated the Southeast (Mattera 497). Juan Trippe, a twenty-four year old from New York bought nine flying boats that the U.S. Navy was going to scrap and established Pan American Airlines (Mattera 499). Another huge airline in the 1920s that is still around today is Trans World Airline. TWA had its start in 1926 as Western Air Express. With all the rising air companies there was a need for production of the airplanes themselves. That is where Pratt and Whitney Corporation filled the need. In 1925 they began their business of building aircraft engines in C ...

Africa.. essays

Africa.. essays Africas Resistance to the Portuguese The African history has been affected tremendously due to the influence of some European countries. Portugal, who probably had the greatest impact on the continent, was not shy in invading what they thought to be profitable circumstances. One of these areas that they profited from was the kingdom of Kongo. Kongo was a major Bantu-speaking kingdom astride the Congo River in west-central Africa, probably founded in the 14th century. It was governed by a king, the manikongo, whose economic power was based upon trade in ivory, hides, slaves, and a shell currency of western Africa. Within a few years after the Portuguese first encountered the kingdom in 1484, the sixth manikongo, Nzinga Mbemba, later Alfonso 1, converted to Christianity and extended diplomatic and economic relations with Portugal. The agreement soon collapsed, however, as the Portuguese extended their slave-raiding activities. By 1570 the power of the Kongo kingdom had begun to decline, and severe internal tensions had developed. Alfonso I knowing what was going on wrote a series of papers to King Joao III of Portugal. In these papers, Alfonso I pleaded with the king to take away all the corrupt Portuguese from his kingdom. With false assurance from the king of Portugal, he asked to have sent those people of religious and medical backgrounds to help modernize his kingdom. With the corruptness still noticeable in the Kongo, Alfonso I was forced to pass a law stating that ...any white man living in our Kingdoms and wanting to purchase goods in any way should first inform three of our noble men and officials of our court whom we rely upon in this matter... (57). These futile attempts of writing letters to the king were not making any significance. The king of Portugal was money hungry along with the majority of all his servants who worked for him down in Africa. ...

Cellular respiration and fermentation Lab Report

Cellular respiration and fermentation - Lab Report Example The researcher states that studying fermentation and respiration as done in this experiment has implications for industry, as fermentation reactions, for one, impact the way we produce an important industrial product for instance, in this case, ethanol. The nature of the sugar matters too, as the use of particular kinds of sugars in ethanol production, to use the same example, affect a number of products that are produced in such reactions. In the first part, fermentation is measured using gas height as the proxy for carbon dioxide measure and the rate of reaction. In the second part, respiration is measured in terms of carbonic acid production. Â  The key materials used are the following: 10 percent sucrose solution; 10 percent glucose solution; peas; distilled water; phenol red; yeast stock; wax pencil; water bath; hot plate; test tubes of various sizes; beaker; test tube corks and holders; test tube rack. The idea behind the test tubes of varying sizes is to create a respirometer using two sizes of test tubes, for the experiment involving the yeasts. A practice session involves filling the smaller tube, measuring 15 x 125 mm with water, placing that inside a 20x150 mm test tube, and inverting to the point where the air bubble in the smaller test tube is as small as can be made from the process. In the actual experiment, three different test tubes are filled with two-thirds of either ten percent sucrose solution, ten percent glucose solution, or distilled water, and then topped off to the brim with yeast suspension. The inversion method practiced above is utilized to mix the solutions and form the respirometers. The respirometers are allowed to incubate for one hour, while placed in a water bath set at 37 degrees Celsius. The gas bubble heights are measured after the period of incubation. The idea is to be able to undertake a comparison of how the three sources of food in the test tube compare with regard to their suitability as food for yeast. This is the f irst part of the experiment (Experiment 7 n.d., pp. 59-61). In part two of the experiment, 10 peas that were either soaked, not soaked, and soaked and boiled were placed in each of three different test tubes, filled with water up to the two-thirds level, and covered with corks. After an hour and a half, two drops of phenol red were placed in each of the three test tubes containing the seeds, more when no color was visible or the color is too vague/thin. The results of the color observations were tabulated. (Experiment 7 n.d., pp. 59-61) Results The first part of the experiment measured the amount of respiration from the fermentation process, involving the yeast solution and the three food sources. Among the three food sources, the glucose solution had the highest change in the gas height at the end of the incubation period, with the gas height changing from the initial 1 mm to 6 mm. The sucrose solution had a lower gas height change, going from 1 mm initially to 4 mm at the end of the observation period. The test tube containing just distilled water showed no change in the gas height, indicating that no respiration took place. In the second part of the experiment, the setup containing the soaked beans had a yellow color, while the setup containing the beans that were both soaked and boiled remained red,

Third exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Third exam - Assignment Example John 150.0 16,200.00 523.81 16,723.81 523.81 16,000.00 Romeo Co Stachurski 206.0 22,866.00 437.64 23,303.64 0.00 22,608.85 Total 2374.5 281,396.25 11,584.67 292,711.42 9,598.95 269,788.74 Table 1 Table 1 shows the clients of ABC Consulting, the employees who work with the respective clients, the hours that these clients were billed, the reimbursable expenses (costs billed) relating to each worker, the total billed to each client, and the costs and fees collected from the clients to September 2013. The total hours billed for the month was 2,374.5 hours and the total fees billed excluding reimbursable expenses was $281,396.25. ... total hours billed = 254,665.13 ? 2,374.5 $107.25 Table 2 The information in Table 2 indicates that the overall cost per billable hour of operations for the month of September 2013 was $107.25. Effective Billable Hourly Rate per Worker The effective billable hourly rate per worker is found by dividing the fees collected from each client by the hours billed to that particular client. The effective billable rate for each worker is shown in Table 3. Client Worker Hours Billed Fees Collected ($) Effective billable rate per hour ($) Alpha Co Acevedo 170.0 18,837.37 110.81 Bravo Co Barger 143.5 16,425.01 114.46 Charlie Co Ekundayo 120.0 14,250.00 118.75 Delta Co Fitzgerald 137.0 15,842.40 115.64 Echo Co Fyffe 85.5 12,825.00 150.00 Foxtrot Co Gilbert 112.5 12,150.00 108.00 Golf Co Harmon 98.0 10,780.00 110.00 Hotel Co Hefner 122.0 14,274.00 117.00 India Co Kirchner 150.0 16,560.00 110.40 Juliett Co Madorma 123.5 14,202.50 115.00 Kilo Co Miller 102.0 11,268.04 110.47 Lima Co Myers 122.5 13,4 13.75 109.50 Mike Co Pellek 89.5 12,000.00 134.08 November Co Preston 156.0 16,818.71 107.81 Oscar Co Shahbazi 139.0 15,354.20 110.46 Papa Co Smith 147.5 16,178.91 109.69 Quebec Co St. John 150.0 16,000.00 106.67 Romeo Co Stachurski 206.0 22,608.85 109.75 Table 3 The information in Table 3 indicates that a total of six workers – Gilbert, Myers, Preston, Smith, St. John Stachurski exceeded the $110 benchmark. They achieved effective billable rates of $108, $109.5, $107.81, $109.69, $106.67 and $109.7 per hour respectively, The effective billable rates per hour for September 2013 ranged between $106.67 and $150 and this information suggests that ABC Consulting recovered the company’s overall costs of $107.25 per billable hour on every job except Quebec Co which

Acoustic Emission and Vibration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Acoustic Emission and Vibration - Essay Example The process of early detection has proved to be a very crucial factor in condition monitoring as well as serving as a basic extended CBM component (Zamada and Masuda, 1999, p. 160). Though the two sensors are effectively applied in this process, there exist several differences in their applications as well as a number of advantages and disadvantages over each other. The acoustic emission normally abbreviated as AE refers to sound waves that are normally produced in the event that a material is subjected to stress due to internal changes and external forces. A good example of this phenomenon is the mechanical loading which generates elastic wave’s sources (Lokajicek and Sikula, 1996, p. 312). Over the years, acoustic emission has steadily replaced the use of vibration techniques that were used traditionally. This transformation is closely associated with the better working conditions witnessed while working with acoustic emission. Vibration sensing has been associated with a nu mber of mechanical conditions such as processes that result in energy loses like friction and impacts, machinery deteriorates, and frequencies that come in a broad range. Acoustic emission on the other hand makes use of much higher frequencies when it comes to vibration movements that are synchronous. By using such frequencies, this technique makes it possible to detect signal parts experiencing high signals and also allows the detections of miniscule activities that come in large amounts like brief impacts, slight rubs or crushing of single lubricant particles. This means that acoustic emission technique is in apposition to detect failures that are impending before they take place and goes further to monitor their progress afterwards (Mori, Saruhashi and Mogi, 1994, p. 375). Though vibration analysis has been in operation for many years, it is associated with a number of disadvantages including its knowledge levels that are unsustainable and its requirements being costly while tryi ng to achieve a good diagnosis. The above setbacks make vibration analysis valuable but overly complicated compared to acoustic emission. Acoustic emission offers detecting warnings early enough on small defects and wear while vibration sensing has to wait until a defect occurs before it detects it. Acoustic emission technique also picks up more information as compared to vibration sensing. Some of the additional information picked up by acoustic emission include; friction, lubrication and cracking. Vibration sensing is in no position to pick up such information. Despite this realization, it is evident that the total information that can be picked by acoustic emission is limited as compared to that obtained by vibration analysis (Mori and Obata, 1998, p. 340). The Differences between Acoustic Emission Sensor and Vibration Sensor The acoustic emission signal processing is complicated in such a way that it cannot be conducted by every individual due to its high frequency signal. It ca lls for expertise in the interpretation of the oscilloscope’s squiggly lines. This technique allows machines to be run continuously, slowly, for a duration that is short and to be operated intermittently. Acoustic emission also permits for problem diagnosis on machines to be carried out in its early stages, gives room for maintenance procedures and allows for the monitoring of the improvement. By allowing such procedures and process, the technique provides early information that is real time on faults applicability and sensitivity to a broad speed rotational (Simpson, 1991). Contrary to vibration sensing, acoustic emission