Compare and contrast the opening scenes of Romeo and Juliet (Baz Luhrmann) and Westside story (Robert Wise)

At the start of the opening sequence to Romeo and Juliet, a short description of the story is told by a news reader who is within the screen in a small, old television. The idea of the television being used is to immediately inform the audience that the story has been modernized. The oldness of the TV could signify that it is the modernization of and old story. A broken ring is displayed in the top right hand corner of the inset TV. This signifies the hatred between the two families but also the eternal love between Romeo and Juliet which they are trying to break. As the explanation of the story commences the TV becomes larger, the camera zooms in on it, and then the real scenes from the opening sequence are shown. The writing â€Å"in fair Verona† is displayed in white writing, suggesting it is a nice, calm city where everybody lives happily. The writing being in white backs this up as white has the connotation of being angelic. In the background though there is dramatic opera music being played. Opera music is associated with tragedy and from the following scenes we see why this music is played. The music then holds on a few long notes and a deep political voice speaks. This suggest something serious is happening or about to happening. The screen the flashes to a helicopter patrolling a city which looks to be in chaos, a statue of Jesus is shown then a mixture of images displaying death and violence, such as house on fire and gun fights, is intertwined with images of religion and holiness. This signifies the two family's hypocritical view of religion. They claim to live their lives with God but hypocritically go against every one of his commandments throughout their daily lives. The religious images could also represent the two people within the family who are religious and who are in love with each other and are willing to give up everything to be with each other. The characters of each of the families are then shown. They are all shown to be hiding in the shadows or darkness. This may imply that they are hiding from each other or from the police because they are committing crime. It may also be used to create a sense of mystery, we don't know what the two families plan to do to each other, so by showing them in the shadows, it hides it from us as well as themselves. The quickness of the changing between scenes is used to show us that this story is an action packed roller coaster. It also signifies the different attitudes and emotions we discover in this film. The opening scene to Westside Story simply uses a variety of colours and music to describe the events we may encounter in the film. It begins with the whistling of a songbird which we associate with the break of a new day although it could signify anytime of day. The music begins as chasey music perhaps signifying the pursuit of something. The background colour is light orange which, is quite neutral and does not necessarily signify anything. The music then calms down into peaceful happy music, perhaps signifying the retrieval or capture of the thing that was being pursued. This music continues for a while because the happiness is lasting, slowly the background colour changes into a light red and then a dark red. The music dies into slow, sad, tragic music which could signify the loss or separation from the â€Å"thing†. It could also mean a death in the story because red has the connotation of death and also the connotation of romance. Perhaps a romance has been ended and the main character is sorrowful because of this. The background colour then changes from red through to pink, purple and then blue. This could signify a lonely sad period where the main character spent time alone to mourn/miss the loss of this â€Å"thing†. The music suddenly then changes to intense battle like music whilst the background colour changes to a blood red colour. This could imply some kind of revenge that results in a death, or perhaps a murder attempt on the main character. We are informed of the outcome of these possible events. The music becomes a victorious war-like tune which informs us that the main character must have been the one who was successful in the attempt of revenge/murder. The music then calms down and the background changes to white this could mean that the actions that caused the possible death were justifiable. The background then changes again to a royal victorious blue. This could symbolize that the main character has resolved his/her problem and is happy again whilst still in the background missing that â€Å"thing†. These two opening scenes are very different in the way they portray the plot of the film. Westside story does not use images to inform us of the narrative, it just uses colours and music, whereas Romeo and Juliet uses images, voiceovers and music to inform us of the emotions incurred. These two methods are both effective because they do not give too much of the story away but inform us of the general idea of the film. Romeo is possibly more effective to the untrained eye which is not analyzing the opening scenes because it visually shows us the idea of the film without having to think too much about what's being shown too us. Westside story is very effective in its description of the plot and narrative. The changes of music and colour clearly outliner the general consensus of the film whilst still leaving the viewer wondering what is actually happening.

New students

Hey guys my names Is kenned melee, people usually call me Kenny . Im from Jackson n] and I attended Jackson memorial high school . 1 remember back In hollyhock my failover thing was gym and all the activates we got to play . But anyway I'm now currently attending Coco , I choose ocean county college because of the opportunities it presents. Such as the low tuition fee for one . My plan at coco is to major in broadcasting journalism Finnish my flirts year with the best grades possible and then transfer to temple university.Ocean county has taught me a few new things about my self such as how to mange my time studying , and how to mange my money well. Even though Eve learned a lot of things while at ocean the transition wasn't that smooth , I think the most difficult thing for me was having to remember my classes on my own . Its nothing Like highlights where you had the bell to remind you when class was. Or the stress of not knowing anyone In class, or not wanting to raise your hand In class because you think people might make fun of you. But Eve had a great support team.In my Cad class Eve learned so much and my teacher Mrs†¦ O explained everything charley and always offered a helping hand whenever we her students needed it. Ocean County has a lot of support services available to your disposable , Such as the student center. The student center has so many programs, clubs, and trips that inform you about what is going on in your own campus or around you. Then the one on one sessions with the guidance consoler who assist you with every question you have. Or the tutoring groups that assist with you with math , writing, science you nameIt, Coco was was built on the simple Idea to help you succeed. Another thing ocean has helped me succeed In was my learning methods. I leaned that IM an auditory and tactile learner. Which simply means I learn by hearing and doing things hands on. I also learned that I study better with the light on and with music silly but very helpful. And lastly how to mange my time wisely , buy studying in between classes. All these new things Eve learned over these past seeks have helped me with my attitude towards school. It made me realize that school isn't so bad if you Just have the tools to succeed .I now how to mange my time better, and my money, and I have the skills to study correctly for an exam. I feel like I have become an independent learner because where I started from and where I am now. Looking back at my first semester of college I think I did everything perfectly In men's of my education, I made sure I was on top of all my school work and that and every assignment. And I Intend to do everything the same next semester. I'm so lucky to have had the easy transition into college like I did with the great support system . Make it so make it count .

What Would You Do with a Million Dollars?

What would you do with a million dollars? The amount of money that will pass through your hands over a working lifetime is incredible. For example, if you work 40 years and earn only an average of $25,000 per year, you will have made $1 million even without salary increases due to inflation. The average family in America earns nearly $50,000 per year. You are likely to earn over $2 million dollars in yourlifetime! What will you do with your millions? Many older people have spent it all. Is that what you will do? What do you want to do with your money? First, you need to decide what you want. Create your dream list. This is your first step in spending your millions. Your dreams are what you want to do, to own or to become. The biggest reason capable people don’t realize their dream is that they see themselves in terms of what they lack: lack of money, lack of time, lack of ability, lack of opportunity, lack of support from family. Once you have determined where you are going and what you want to do in life, the things you now see yourself lacking you will find along the path of life. A bar of gold only a few yards ahead of you is out of your reach as long as you choose to remain stuck where you are. Your dreams list will get you unstuck and allow you to see possibilities and opportunities instead of roadblocks and problems. Of course, it is mentally easier to attempt to avoid disappointment by not wanting much. Remember, those who ask little from life always get what they ask for—little or nothing. Dream big dreams. President Kennedy said we should go to the moon not because it would be easy, but because it would be hard.

Security Measures Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security Measures Paper - Assignment Example Thesis: With network breaches being inevitable, small, medium, and large organizations must have security plans and standard operation procedures in place to prevent, detect, and respond efficiently to intrusions. A security plan is a blueprint of the realization of safety objectives. This is a requirement for small and medium companies by also for large companies. In this case, security plan comprises of numerous elements including evaluation, situation assessment, testing, security policy, and implementation all of which work towards preventing and minimizing the possibility of harm resulting from electronic and other resources through malicious actions, accident, error, or natural disaster. For this organization, situation assessment will work well in ensuring that the appropriate network areas are well protected, the formulated security strategy and plan are comparative to the probable threat, and offer upgrading plans that comprise countermeasures for novel hazards. The scope of an effective network plan will also result to clearly understood security issues, the required security level, and potential attackers among other factors (Daya, 2009, p. 2). Since the network plan scope is limited by the form of threats it covers, often, IT related threats may have a separate IT plan is prepared using specialized knowledge. With the scope, continuous security assessment will enable the organization to determine its progress in promoting network security through the identification of what is to be defended. Often, network security assessment explores the extent to which the vulnerability of people, equipment, locations, service availability, and confidential information is mi nimized and recommended actions for improvement. With the network components to be defended, the next move is the determination of threats to be defended (Sighn, 2011, p.

Select 3 photographs taken in africa about colonial period, that have Essay

Select 3 photographs taken in africa about colonial period, that have common theme, choosing santu mofokeng chasing shadows work - Essay Example Relating this to colonial South Africa where apartheid had taken the better side of the country, historical antecedents justify the thinking that the Black population of the country were vigilantly keeping watch to see when it was all going to be over. As seen in the photograph, the Black man has his eye wide shut because he does not want to miss out on anything or wants to be taken by surprise on an event of the passing apartheid that he may possibly not see. Aesthetic Appreciation Aesthetically, the photograph â€Å"Eyes-wide-shut† is a photograph with much value on the depiction of elements of photography. For example, there is major emphasis on symmetry, where the jacket of the man in the photograph is taken in such a way that gives an equal striking image to the photograph. The same can be said of the positioning of the man, where he is balanced between the spaces left around him on the left and right sides. As far as depth of field is concerned, the photograph is given t wo depths of fields, which are rough and smooth. The smooth depth of field is with the man who is clearly captured as the focus of the photograph. All other people in the background and the background itself are given a rough depth of field by keeping the camera blur on them. Indeed, the way symmetry, balance and depth of field were used helped in giving the central focus of the photograph, the needed emphasis. Critic Even though there is much emphasis on the focus of the photograph in highlighting the theme of vigilance, which was a major topic for the Black community during the apartheid, it would have been much meaningful should the photography had included an element of a White person in the photograph. This is because the knowledge that the apartheid was a racial war between the Whites and the Blacks is common knowledge in history. The eyes that were wide shut could therefore have been made to be shut on a White man for example. This way, the photograph would have been easier t o comprehend and appreciate by a lay person, especially in support of the theme of the photograph. Theme The photograph above is captioned â€Å"Motoulen Landscape with Poplar Trees and Altar†. Rightly by comparing the caption of the photograph to its images, the theme of a fading land becomes trumpeted in the mind of the viewer. This is because poplar trees by themselves are known to be very viable trees in the South African soil. This makes them to have a season round of fresh green leaves and stems in the country. Indeed, the sight and appearance of a poplar tree is that of freshness and hope. But in the photograph, nothing else than a savannah dry land is seen. This is because the poplar tree that was once fresh and blossom has gone dry. Like the result of colonization in South Africa, the freedoms, rights and identities of the ordinary South African was made to go dry due to oppression and suppression at the hands of colonial masters. For the poplar tree to have any hope , it must find itself in the midst of an altar where a religious or divine intervention could possibly make it regain its freshness. Indeed, the South African nation found redemption through the efforts of freedom fighters such as Nelson Mandela. Aesthetic Appreciation Lines are very powerful elements used by the photography in the picture that is presented above. Generally, lines are useful in directing the viewer to the focal point of the photography. Indeed, in the

Emily Elizabeth Dickenson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Emily Elizabeth Dickenson - Essay Example Reading Dickinson is not an intellectual enterprise, it is an emotional journey. Her poetry leads not to a finite conclusion, but invites to further rumination. This writer is thus inclined to explore the thesis articulated by Bray of Dickinson as visionary. Born in Amherst, Massachusetts in 1830, Emily Elizabeth Dickinson lived the life of a recluse, seldom leaving the house or entertaining visitors; her aversion to public life was such that she attended only one year’s schooling at Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, before returning home out of extreme homesickness. The few people she did come in contact with, however, profoundly influenced her thoughts and poetry, particularly the Reverend Charles Wadsworth. Many critics speculate that Wadsworth was the object of Dickinson’s â€Å"heartsick flow of verses† for the person she called â€Å"my closest, earthly friend†. It is not certain that the Reverend was Emily’s unrequited love is, however, because it might have equally been Massachusetts Supreme Court Judge Otis P. Lord, and Samuel Bowles, the editor of the Springfield Republican. Some even believe that this romantic inspiration may even have been Susan Gilbert Dickinson, wife of Emily ’s brother, Austin, by virtue of the many poems and letters dedicated by Emily to her – a matter to which feminist admirers of her work were quick to attribute her unique and eccentric writing style. Throughout her life, Dickinson’s siblings, Austin and Lavinia, were her constant friends and intellectual companions. Other influences in her poems were the seventeenth century English Metaphysical poets and her conservative Christian upbringing. Most biographies on Dickinson describe her work as having been undertaken in isolation and complete privacy; in truth, Dickinson undertook a lively and active correspondence with a good number of friends, among whom was her sister-in-law Susan Gilbert, literary

Compare and contrast two therapeutic approaches for people suffering Essay

Compare and contrast two therapeutic approaches for people suffering from depression - Essay Example This paper analyses these two methods critically (Roy, 2005). Depression is a feeling or medical illness that is characterized by varied symptoms all combined. People suffering from depression do not have same symptoms. That could be attributed to the fact that the extent of the depressive nature differs from one person to another. Depression is characterized by feelings of sadness that get prolonged over a period of time. It could also have character such as one feeling hopeless, guilty and seeing no worth in living. Irritability and feelings of restlessness coupled up with feelings of helplessness and pessimism are also signs of someone who is depressed. Others may experience moments where they totally lose interest in doing things they have fun doing, insomnia, overeating and to others, loss of appetite (Berne, 2007). Depression is caused by many factors including, trauma, losing a loved one through death, and going through an abusive and difficult relationship. It is mainly caused by stressful situations that people go through. No matter how strong someone may be, they could still suffer from depression. Scientists and medical research also show that depression could be caused by genetic, environmental and biological factors. This explains why people of a family could suffer from depression. This is because a given gene runs through a family and those carrying that gene risk suffering from this medical illness (Andrews, 2010). There are different types of depression. Major depression is a type of depression that disables and deters one from performing normally. One undergoing such depression experiences symptoms that impede one’s ability to do work, study, sleep, enjoy hobbies and even make one lose their appetite. Dysthymia is another form of depression characterized by symptoms that last for quite some time, hindering one from functioning well. Minor depression

God of small things by arundati roy - is love greater than caste Essay

God of small things by arundati roy - is love greater than caste - Essay Example But does that mean love is stronger than caste? In the case of Ammu and Velutha, it certainly was but only in their eyes. It was not even conceivable in the eyes of others. Paravans were one of those untouchables that Ammu’s family had known for a long time but never considered them an equal in any sense of the word. For them Paravans were to be treated like all other untouchables in the land: â€Å"In Mammachi’s time, Paravans, like other untouchables were not allowed to walk on public roads, not allowed to cover their upper bodies, not allowed to carry umbrellas. They had to put their hands over their mouths when they spoke, to divert their polluted breath away from those whom they addressed.† (p. 71) The novel makes use of some amazing imagery to adequately explain the intensity or enormity of important things. For example, when talking about religion in Kerala, Roy writes: "Christianity arrived in a boat and seeped into Kerala like tea from a tea bag." (p.38). Ammu was a young divorced woman with two children who are twins. The author uses imagery and similes again to define Ammu’s personality: â€Å"Ammu was an unmixable mix. The infinite tenderness of motherhood and the reckless rage of a suicide bomber." (p. 44). Divorce in itself was a huge stigma in those times and to get it at a very such age was even more painful for the victim. Ammu had to live in her mother’s house, almost like a subdued servant since she couldn’t even enjoy the dignity of having her own place. She was dependent on her parents for shelter. At that age, which according to the narrator was â€Å"a viable, die-able age†, Ammu still had sexual urges; she still dreamed of being loved and touched and must have fantasized about having a relationship. However being a divorcee, the chances of that ever happening were slim and at 30, she was stuck

The Challenger and Columbia Shuttle Disasters Research Paper

The Challenger and Columbia Shuttle Disasters - Research Paper Example The investigators were able to figure out the technical causes of the disaster, which called for several suggested changes that NASA needed to employ (Ryan, 2012). After the Challenger disaster, NASA implemented several changes in accordance with the recommendations made by the Commission that investigated and reported on the disaster. NASA embarked on creating a solid Rocket motor design in collaboration with other bodies that included the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and Solid Rocket Motor (SSRM). The involved parties scrutinized several designs for tests and analysis in order to come up with the best new design that minimizes on the utilization of existing hardware (Ryan, 2012). NASA and the group were to implement tests and virtual launch before the real launch. NASA also changed its space shuttle management organization and its relations with its field centers and the headquarters. This eased the communication hurdles ensuring a clear sending and reception of information at all levels. This also included the implementation of efficient management and flight readiness review that entailed including documentation for the entire flight crew. The aftermath of the Columbia disaster showed that several aspects of recommended changes to NASA after the Challenger disaster were not implemented. ... The structure had also retained numerous locations hindering efficient decision-making process by the stakeholders. The realization of efficient management and flight readiness review that entailed including documentation for the entire flight crew was also not followed accordingly. The report indicated that the flight program managers did not consider all the opinions from relevant sources. Instead, they established huge barriers by using their knowledge and experience in contrast to the real solid data regarding the flight. This compromised the readiness review because to the managements lack of flexibility and adoption of the real data. Actions for sustaining change may have contributed to the changes being sustained because they have the capacity to embed the changes made. Redesigning of roles shows changes made are paramount to the organization. A modification of roles may also indicate long-term success of the changes made. Redesigning of the reward systems entails changing the organizations culture. Consequently, modifying its culture has a direct impact on the core values in place at the organization. This also influences the mode through which operations are carried out. Linking selection decisions to change objectives is an action whose selection criteria are signs of whether fresh initiatives and change are being encouraged. These actions ensure that changes are sustained. Measuring the progress of the implemented changes quantifies the progress made on the changes (Ryan, 2012). Measuring progress entails measuring the results and measuring the advancement of the implemented changes in an organization. A measure of results indicates the actual achievement of the objectives while the measure of

Ecological Concepts Essay Example for Free

Ecological Concepts Essay Ecology is the study of the relationship of between organisms and their environment, including both the living and nonliving compounds. Some of the ecological concepts include succession, energy flow between trophic levels, limiting factors, and carrying capacity. First, succession is a change in species structure of an ecological community over time. Over time species in the community become more and more abundant and may not be present at all one day. Also, sometimes new species might invade the community from nearby ecosystem. Ecologic successions occur as a result of drastic change in the environment or species inability to reproduce or grow in a particular environment. There are two types of successions primary and secondary. Primary succession is when an area that was not occupied previously is occupied by a new community. Secondary succession starts where natural vegetation is disrupted by humans, animals, or natural forces. Examples of ecological succession are fires, wind storms, floods, earthquakes, tornados, and forest fires. Energy flow between trophic levels is another ecological concept. Trophic levels are the feeding position in a food chain. This food chain involves primary producers, herbivores, primary carnivores, and more. Plants are producers and in the first trophic level, herbivores form the second level, and carnivores from third and fourth trophic levels. As only small amount of energy is transferred to the higher level there are fewer organisms in higher levels. Limiting factors is the third ecological concept. Limiting factors limit populations from growing any larger than they already are. There are two types of limiting factors Abiotic and biotic. Abiotic factors are nonliving components that affect living organisms and biotic factors are living components. For example 50 foxes can live in an environment that has enough food, water, and space for 60 foxes, but no more than 60 foxes could live there. Lastly, carrying capacity is one the ecological concepts and is the population size of the species one environment can support. Food, water, habitat, and space are the factors that affect carrying capacity. For xample environment could have enough water for the community but not have enough space or food. Best example of carrying capacity is predator-prey relationship. For example in the Isle Royale National Park moose would overgraze the vegetation if wolves did not eat them, and without moose wolves would starve. Overall, these ecological concepts help up understand relationships between one species to another and to the environment they all live in. Also these concepts show how might changes in the environment affect species that live in it.

Subcontractors

Subcontractors 1.0 Introduction Wikipedia (2009) defined subcontractor as â€Å"an individual or in many cases a business that signs a contract to perform part or all of the obligations of another’s contract†. Other authors, Gerald N. Hill Kathleen T. Hill (2005) defined subcontractor as â€Å"a person or business which has a contract with a contractor to provide some portion of the work or services on a project which the contractor has agreed to perform†. Generally, a subcontractor performs his work under a contract with a main contractor who is hired by the employer. In building construction, a main contractor usually hires a subcontractor to perform a specific task such as roofing, plumbing, electrical, cement work and plastering, as part of the overall project. Hence, if the main contractor does not pay for the subcontractor, then the subcontractor has the right to enforce a â€Å"mechanic’s lien† on the real property upon which the work was done to collect. There are three types of subcontractor that is: Nominated subcontractor (Specialist subcontractor) Domestic subcontractor Named subcontractor Nominated subcontractor is essentially selected or appointed by the employer for some specific works. If the employer wants to nominate a subcontractor for an element of work, then he will instruct the main contractor to use the nominated subcontractor through the architect. The element of work usually is the engineering package such as piling, structural frame or some ME services works. In this kind of subcontract, there is a direct contractual relationship between the employer and the subcontractor. On the other hand, domestic subcontractor is selected and appointed by the main contractor who is hired by the employer. The domestic subcontractor doesn’t have the direct contractual relationship with the employer but he contract with the main contractor. Domestic subcontractors usually execute the part of work from the main contract and supply or fix the materials and goods. The employer will not involve in the election of this kind of subcontractor and the main contractor take the responsibility of the subcontractor. The Named subcontractor is contractually same as the domestic subcontractor. However, the different between them is the employer states that which contractor is acceptable without take responsibility for their final selection and appointment. Chapter 2: Forms of Contract 2.0 Forms of Contract 2.1 Review the method of appointing specialist subcontractor JCT 98 The JCT 1998 is the pre JCT Form which was used when selecting and choosing the subcontractor. There are two types of subcontractor in this form of Building Contract which are Nominated subcontractor and Domestic subcontractor. In the JCT Form, except the Employer, the Architect has the highest authority in making decision. Nominated subcontractor is essentially appointed by the Architect or the Employer when they need the subcontractor in some specific works. Daniel Atkinson (1999) defined nomination as â€Å"sub-letting sections of the work allowing the Employer full involvement in choosing the company early and using the subcontractor’s expertise for design or coordination†. There are some reasons that the Employer nominated a subcontractor (Daniel Atkinson, 1999): The Employer can select any company that he likes to be his subcontractor without based on the price. The subcontractor’s design expertise and his knowledge can be utilized due to he can be involved early. Since the specialist subcontractor involves, the Contractor will not waste his time on some particular work which the Contractor does not expert in it. The Employer can understand his responsibilities clearly since the clear contractual liability is established. Delay in time can be prevented by the direct links and involvements are established. According to the Jennie Price (1994), the procedure of nominating a subcontractor under the Standard Form of JCT 1998, Clause 35.4: The Architect sends the both of invitation to tender in part 1 of the standard form of tender, NSC/T, and the relevant section of the employer/ nominated subcontractor agreement, NSC/W, together with the drawings/specification/bill of quantities which describe the work, to those companies the employer wishes to invite to tender. Then the tenderers complete the standard form of tender (part 2 of NSC/T) and the relevant sections of the warranty, NSC/W, and return both documents to the Architect. The Architect chooses the subcontractor, and arranges for the Employer to sign the selected subcontractor’s tender to confirm his approval of it, and to execute the warranty, NSC/W. The Architect nominates the subcontractor to the main contractor using the standard nomination instruction, NSC/N. He also sends the main contractor a copy of the invitation to tender and the successful subcontractor’s tender, the drawings/specification/bills of quantities on which the tender was based, and the executed warranty. After received those documents, the main contractor has the right of reasonable objection to the selected tenderer within 7 days. If he does not object, he must reach agreement with the selected tenderer on the ‘Particular Conditions’ set out in Part 3 of NSC/T. These include the subcontract period, insurance details and the identity of the adjudicator and trustee stakeholder. When agreement on the Particular Conditions has been reached, the main contractor and subcontractor sign Part 3 of NSC/T, and execute the subcontract articles of agreement, NSC/A, which incorporate by reference the subcontract conditions NSC/C. The main contractor sends a copy of the signed NSC/T Part 3 and the executed NSC/A to the Architect for his records. 2.2 Review the method of appointing specialist subcontractor JCT 05 JCT 2005 Form of Building Contract (with quantities) has been updated, amended, merged and retired most of its important contracts. This form was set out in clear, understandable, and well-ordered for the user and it had simplified on wording such as change the word â€Å"Determination† to â€Å"Termination†. There is a little deviation between JCT 1998 and JCT 2005 regarding to the subcontracting. In this form of Building Contract, the nomination of subcontractor has been omitted. According to the Chappell D. (2007), there are a lot of problems arise between the main and subcontractor since a project is not ready for the subcontractor to start his work on the anticipated date. Due to the delay of the commence work, the subcontractor may argue and claims for more money. On the other hand, Ndekugri I. and Rycroft M. (2009) stated that JCT 1998 had extensive provisions on nominated subcontracting but due to the bad experience from the inherent pitfall of nomination of subcontracting and its complexity, the provision has been omitted in JCT 2005. There are three principles of appointing a subcontractor under the JCT 2005 Form of Building Contract: Consent to sub-contracting (Clause 3.7) According to this clause, main contractor cannot appoint or subcontract whole or any part of works to anybody without the Architect’s or the Contract Administrator’s consent. However, the Architect also cannot withhold or delay his consent unreasonably. If the Contractor insists to sub-letting his works to anyone without consent, then the employer entitles to terminate the Contractor’s contract under clause 8.4.1.4. Besides that, under the clause 3.7.2, the contractor cannot subcontract the design portion to anyone without the Employer’s consent. Lists in Contract Bills (Clause 3.8) Under this clause, annexations of lists of subcontractor to work packages which are defined in the Contract Bills are required. Clause 3.8.2 has stated that the list of subcontractor must not less than three persons. Then the Architect has to choose among the three persons to be the subcontractor. It is similar as pervious clause that the Architect cannot withhold or delay his consent unreasonably. If the Contractor submitted the list which less than three persons, then either: The Employer and the Contractor shall by agreement add the names of other persons to make sure the list comprises not less than three persons; or The Contractor carries out the works by himself. Conditions of sub-contracting (Clause 3.9) The subcontract shall state the condition that upon the termination of the Contractor with any reason, then the employment of the subcontractor will be automatically terminated too under the Clause 3.9.1. Besides that, the subcontract shall provide that subcontractor cannot remove the site materials which have been delivered to the works without the Contractor’s written consent except for use on the works. If the materials or goods have been paid by the Contractor, then they will become the Employer’s property and the subcontractor cannot deny it. On the other hand, if the Contractor has paid the subcontractor for any site materials before their value is included in the Interim Certificate, then the materials will become the Contractor’s property. Under the Clause 3.9.4, if the Contractor fails to make the payment to the subcontractor, then the Contractor shall pay simple interest to the subcontractor until the payment is made. Then according to the Clause 3.9.5, the Contractor could get the warranty from the subcontractor for his execution of works within 14 days of receipt of a written request by the Contractor. If the subcontract comply the three principles above, then the Architect could select and choose among the three persons in the list to be the domestic subcontractor. 2.3 Review the method of appointing specialist subcontractor NEC 3 ECC 05 The NEC 3 ECC 2005 is essentially used by Government for public works such as road, bridge etc. In JCT Form, the Architect has the highest authority while the Project Manager has the highest authority in this NEC 3. He plays an important role in this Form of Building Contract especially in subcontracting. The Project Manager is the person who approves the appointment of the subcontractor by the Contractor. In other words, the Project Manager dominates in the selection of subcontractor. Under the Clause 26.1, the Contractor still takes the responsibility to the works even though he had subcontracted the works to the Domestic subcontractor. Therefore, the Contractor must select the subcontractor carefully in case of the omission of the subcontractor. However under the Clause 26.2, the subcontractor who has been proposed by the Contractor must be accepted by the Project Manager. If the Project Manager does not accept the subcontractor, then the Contractor cannot appoint such subcontractor. Under the Clause 26.3, the Contractor has to submit the proposed conditions of contract for every subcontract to the Project Manager for his acceptance and approval unless an NEC Contract is proposed. Besides that, if the Project Manager agreed that no submission is required then the Contractor is not need to submit it. This clause also stated that the reasons that the Project Manager does not accept the subcontractor who is proposed by the Contractor are: The subcontractor will not allow the Contractor to provide the works. The subcontractor does not include a statement that the parties to the subcontract shall act in a spirit of mutual trust and cooperation. Chapter 3: Reasons of why Nomination has been stopped 3.0 Reasons of why Nomination has been stopped In the opinion of Jennie Price (1999), the disadvantages toward the main contractor are some of the reasons that the nomination has been stopped. The Main Contractor will lose his right to choose his favorite subcontractor to carry out the part of works. He would hard to communicate with the subcontractor who is nominated by the Employer thus cannot cooperate well. Since the Main Contractor is forced to employ the subcontractor so he is unable to impose his own terms and conditions which are more commercially advantageous to him. Other than that, the Nominated Contractor is normally difficult to be managed and controlled since their direct link with the professional team and the Employer. They will not easily listen to the Main Contractor on the design works due to the works are their expertise. Since some of employer will repeat the business with the nominated subcontractor, then the said nominated subcontractor will monopoly in this industry. Other subcontractors will not have chance to receive the job and make them suffer in their incomes. On the other hand, quality of the works might be dropped due to some nominated subcontractors handle few projects in the same period. They cannot concentrate on a single project and make the quality of every works will be dropped. 3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages toward the Employer Jennie Price (1999) agreed that Nomination provides some advantages and disadvantages toward the Employer which are shown as below: Advantages to the Employer: The Employer is able to select the person whom he wishes to carry out the subcontract works. Through the warranty NSC/W, the Employer has the direct contractual link with the subcontractor. It can covers matters such as design or materials selection by the subcontractor. Disadvantages to the Employer: The Employer has to take the risks and bear the responsibilities on the Nominated subcontractor due to his omission of works. If any defaults have been found, then the Employer should bear the extra costs. There are no rights against the main contractor in the event of defective design by the Nominated subcontractor. The Main Contractor entitles to claim Extension of Time if the progress of the main contract works is delayed by the Nominated subcontractor. Besides that, he could also claim for the Loss and Expenses due to the delay of works which is caused by the subcontractor. Since the Main Contractor does not take any responsibility on the Nominated subcontractor, there may be lack of management of the progress of the works on site of the subcontractor. 3.2 Opinion for the new appointment procedure of subcontractor In my opinion, the new specialist subcontractor/supplier appointment procedures are more complex to render the duties of the Architect / Project Manager / Quantity Surveyor. This is because the design teams have not direct contact with the subcontractor. All the instructions which are given by the design teams are passed through the Main Contractor. That might be appeared some mistake in the communication. By the way, the design team also cannot directly manage the subcontractor since the subcontractor only contract with the Main contractor. Chapter 4: Conclusion 4.0 Conclusion After the research, we will know that the procedure of nomination in JCT Form 98 and the reasons for nomination under this Form. Then we know that no more nomination under JCT Form 05. We also get the three methods that appoint a specialist subcontractor in JCT Form 05. NEC 3 ECC 2005 is only for the government works and the Project Manager has the highest authority in this Form. As a conclusion, nomination provides some disadvantages to the Main contractor such as difficult to cooperate between them and the main contractor cannot impose his own terms and conditions to the subcontract. Besides that, the main contractor is usually hard to manage the nominated subcontractor because he has the direct link with the professional design team. Other than that, nomination will make the monopolies arise in the construction industry due to the repeat business between the nominated subcontractor and the Employer. Quality of the works is low since the subcontractor cannot concentrate on single project. The Employer needs to bear the risks and take the responsibilities on the nominated subcontractor. Hence, nomination has been stopped. Finally, in my opinion, there are a lot of benefits that nomination has been stopped since there were a lot of disadvantages. Chapter 5: References Atkinson D. (2009), Sub-Contracting. [Online]. Last accessed on 24th July 2009 available at http://www.atkinsonlaw.com/cases/CasesArticles/Articles/SubContracting.htm CHAPPELL, David (2007). Understanding JCT Standard Building Contracts Eight Edition, Abingdon, Taylor Francis. Gerald N. Hill Kathleen T. Hill (2005), Subcontractor [Online]. Last accessed on 24th July 2009 available at http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Subcontractor NDEKUGRI I. and RYCROFT M. (2009). The JCT 05 Standard Building Contract Law and Administration Second Edition, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann. PRICE, Jennie (1999). Sub-contracting under the JCT Standard Forms of Building Contract, London, Macmillan Press LTD Wikipedia (2009), Types of Subcontractor [Online]. Last accessed on 24th July 2009 available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcontractor#Types_of_subcontractor Bibliography Barnes P. and Davies M (2008). Sub-contracting under The JCT 2005 Forms First Edition, Oxford, Blackwell. GERRARD, Robert (2005). NEC2 and NEC3 Compared. Great Britain, Bell Bain. ME Contractor Magazine (2005), what sort of subbie are you. [Online]. Available at http://www.eca.co.uk/IndustryGuidance/CCandL/Download/WhatSortOfSubbieRU.pdf

Morality and ethics in international laws

Morality and ethics in international laws Introduction All of international laws put great emphasis on morality and use of ethics. Morality is one of main criterions in foreign affairs. Many schools at international level provide an account of international relations, which focus on the interplay between power and morality. International level morality captures a holistic framework to analyze the main question to normative theories, namely some of moral values that are attributed to particular political activities against humanity as a whole, or may be the claims of any individual human being. This important question is at the heart of international level morality relations being one of most challenging moral questions. Recently, the international community comes up with great strides. It widely accepted the moral responsibility to protect in most of the situations where the state could not fulfill its obligations of protecting its own people. Morality and ethics are increasingly becoming fashionable and discussed on different levels of international education as well. Morality issues run throughout the lives of people, without making any division between their personal and professional identities. The foremost goal of national education policies is the character building and encouraging students to learn moral values of honesty, respectfulness, tolerance, sympathy, and truthfulness. The content of textbooks should mainly focus on these moral values. If the content is effective and delivered in an effective and efficient way to students, only then they are capable of increasing the internalization of moral knowledge. In order to minimize the gap between student’s moral information and practice, it is necessary to develop such a policy that involve moral content to significant extent in the textbooks of middle and secondary classes. National education policies aim to include moral reasoning and moral information as an essential curricular component of the school experience. Moral education is the main part of an educational backdrop throughout the history of any country. The 21st century is not able to afford any exception. Education policies at national level must embed the curriculum of primary and secondary schools into the moral content areas like Social Studies and Islamic Studies. With the subjects such as English, Urdu, Islamic Studies, Social Studies, Science, and other elective and compulsory subjects, schools can easily facilitate moral reasoning without any need to create an additional course depicting moral content. Introducing a moral reasoning and moral information curriculum through content-integrated curriculum facilitates the moral development of the students. Traditionally, people take moral education through different perspectives. Interpretation of student’s moral knowledge should be developed by taking into account the cultural influences. However, not all the cultures depict same moral values. Therefore, it is necessary to make culture-free the future direction in moral reasoning. Embedding moral content in the content of school textbooks encourages many students to develop their moral character. The moral standard of new curriculum in primary and secondary schools intends to lay such a foundation for students that gives them moral knowledge, develops moral character, responsibility, truthfulness, honesty, and high standards of personality and behavior. Moral values implied in the moral content of textbooks can be divided into several other categories of respectfulness, tolerance, kindness, awareness of rights, and sense of responsibility. Size of Moral Content The school textbooks provide comprehensive knowledge about morality. It covers a wide range of moral content including culture, social life, geography, politics, and environment. Through the moral content, students are able to make their own decisions and moral judgments. They are capable of understanding the importance of moral values that are taught in their primary and secondary curriculum. Moreover, moral education is not only possible through instructing the student on how to behave in the moral domain. The process should also cover the development of moral reasoning of individuals as well as dealing with different moral issues. The primary goal of the schools is not only promoting the academic achievements. However, the schools are in real need to promote moral character and moral development of students as well. Therefore, major part of the content in school textbooks is the moral content that focused on different moral values. With the help of such moral content, students learn many skills on resolving conflicts peacefully. They practice pro-social behaviors and engage themselves in services that result in less incidence of violence. The students master the basic moral knowledge and develop self-innovation skills and their own learning. The purpose of moral education is to develop moral virtues and personal character development of students. It helps in improving learning environment, promoting student achievements, building student character, and reducing disciplinary problems. Studying the moral content in school textbooks turns the students into good and responsible citizen, who are capable of cultivating their moral values efficiently. By studying the different facts of their own lives, they correct their moral orientation and achieve correct moral values. It taught the students ideological, civil, traditional, and moral education. Incorporating a wide range of moral content in the content of textbooks is important for all schools. Teaching moral education to students of primary and secondary schools is all about giving them enough skills to fight with several moral dilemmas that they may face in their daily lives. Moral education is no longer the teachings of religious morality rather it is about the basic character education. Students are able to resolve moral dilemmas peacefully without creating any violence. An effective moral education may revolve around specific strategies that help students in dealing with disillusionment and focusing on creation of a culture that would support the emotional and moral growth of the teachers. It is imperative to include large portion of moral content in education for the moral development of the students throughout their lives. Moral education in schools is effective for building character, sense of responsibilities, and moral values in students. The primary and secondary curriculum over time included it along with mathematics, reading, and writing. In some schools, moral education is a new concept and in many others, it is just a constant thread that has been seen throughout the history and facilitating the growth through levels of moral development. Developing moral reasoning The content of school textbooks on moral reasoning covers much of the social studies and arts curriculum. The content provided developing moral reasoning successfully implements it in daily lives of students. The incorporation of content about moral reasoning in curriculum is sufficient to move the students through stages of moral reasoning in efficient manner. Shared leadership and discussion are necessary curricular components of all schools. Schools teach morality inherently by conveying to students what one expects of them regarding what is right and wrong. Teachers help them to reflect on moral reasoning efficiently. Moral reasoning comprises of abstract concepts that students can examine and evaluate through dilemma-based discussions in their schools. It lets the students to present and discuss open-based scenarios. The content about moral reasoning makes the students to think contextually and analytically, who are then able to make informed decisions based on social and historical context. Therefore, it is best to embed moral reasoning in content areas of language arts and social studies specifically for dilemma-based discussions. Embedding the moral reasoning content into the core content parts of school textbooks allows both the teachers and their students to participate in integrated discussions throughout the school year and at different times rather in isolation. The pressure on students to share their decision-making roles provides such situations where moral reasoning can be applied. It is important to apply it in conjunction with dilemma-based discussions. Moral reasoning allows the students to practice it through their abstract thoughts and discussions. Moral reasoning helps the students to cover quickly the stages of moral development. It allows the schools to reach their mission of an educated citizenry through content-integrated and dilemma-based discussions. Allowing for student ownership in the school is an important aspect of moral education approach. Schools must implement this approach programmatically to achieve goal of an educated citizenry. The school administration needs to model it in order for students, who can internalize it. This approach depends on principles of fairness and justice in society. The contents about moral reasoning in school textbooks depend largely on the moral concepts that include student’s intention and understanding in relation to their actions. Using this approach, teachers are responsible for engaging students emotionally and intellectually through several discussions and solving moral dilemmas and issues. It helps the students to reach at high stage of moral thinking. Since moral thoughts goes through sequence of development stages, teachers must assist students throughout this process. Teachers play a vital role by closely listening to students in order to have better understanding of their reasoning and helping them in moving to next level of reasoning. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development as a theoretical framework facilitate the development of moral reasoning. During the stage of universal principles, the moral reasoning of individuals is beyond the strict rules of the society. Despite, it is beyond the social norms founded on abstract principles. Kohlberg believed that very few people achieve this stage where moral reasoning is guided by those internal universal standards, which supersede laws. The content provided developing moral reasoning exhibits its varying degrees from explicit religiosity to the secular overtones throughout students’ life. Content about moral information A large proportion of the contents of school textbooks explore the moral information and examine whether these contents properly address the content about moral information and knowledge of the students. Moral information is an important curriculum in education that targets in guiding students to live comfortable life and to become responsible citizen. Morality causes them to integrate into their community and learn how to solve problems of their lives. The most important responsibility and purpose of the content about moral information is to make students of primary and secondary classes to learn to live a healthy and civilized life. The moral content guides them in developing high standards of moral values. It encourages them to develop and explore the innovative spirit of science and civic virtues as well. Moreover, moral information leads to a good moral character and behavior habits of the students that enable them to live happy lives. Through moral knowledge and information, they learn about the development of their own in an effective way. Students of early grades are capable of learning skills more than the students in higher grades of education learn. Moral content of the school textbooks provides them such learning skills to face the challenges of life with confidence and solve daily life problems peacefully. They learn to develop their own life skills and avoid disasters and risks in their lives. Moral education guides them about the correct moral orientation and facts regarding their own lives. They analyze and adopt the moral values that play important role in the moral development of their own caring character. Such moral content successfully addresses the principles regarding psychology and physical development of the students. The content of school textbooks about moral information comprises of different categories. These revolve around making the students to love their motherland and their hometown. It guides them kindness to others, sense of participation in society, sense of responsibility, awareness of rights, traditional virtues, national unity, trustworthiness, respect for teachers, and love for younger individuals. It helps in developing mental health of students, their occupational satisfaction, consciousness of peace, and global consciousness. Moral information in curriculum aims to make students productive and contributing social members of the community. It provides them with basic knowledge about cultural literacy and introduces them to the cultural traditions while shaping their moral identity. Living in a liberal environment, the main objective of moral education is to provide intellectual skills to students that help them in making responsible and informed decisions about the problems considered being of moral importance. It intends to promote deep sense of concern in students for the well-being and betterment of the nation. Educating students provided the moral content and information in school textbooks is a challenge largely due to the reason that it does not provide a guarantee that the students would become just persons morally through the principles of common good. One of the major challenges that come up with moral education is that what schools teach children may differ a great deal, to what parents prefer their children to learn. Provided different understanding of morality and moral information, the subject offered different forms depending upon the country where it is taught. Human rights education, character education, personal education, social, and civic education are some of the forms of moral education. Content addressing each moral value different at different level of learning Some of the problems remain there in the moral content of school textbooks. The moral content provides a comprehensive knowledge. However, each moral value addressed is different at different level of learning. For example, the moral content on respectfulness of teachers, parents, and elders vary in large proportion to the moral content on sense of democracy, responsibility, and equality in society. Analysis of school textbooks shows addressing each moral value in different way at different level of understanding. Each moral value of truthfulness, honesty, sympathy, and tolerance presents ratios of different values. Furthermore, the school textbooks content is closer to the experiences of students in cities and lacks the content related to the experiences of rural students. No doubt, a great deal of historical and geographical knowledge is available as compared to the moral knowledge. The content of these textbooks need to include good proportion of each moral value as the moral and character building is important aim of education. Different conceptions of moral education exist to answer various questions regarding the extent to which moral education should comprise of. Some focus on the learning and teaching of moral virtues while others promote the moral practice. Some still consider development of moral reasoning and education as an emotional upbringing. Whichever these of conceptions about moral education in textbooks is right, it is not wrong saying that all conceptions strive towards the same objective. Despite addressing moral education different at different level of learning, its only objective is the education of mature individuals who have the abilities of independent action moral reasoning. Estimation of content addressing moral virtues among students School textbooks content address moral virtues among students to great extent. Some of the exercises and practical activities given in the textbooks encourage students to participate in moral development of their character. The main objective of these activities is to offer moral education for students and develop clear understanding of different aspects of real world. However, the internal moral education of students is considered to be abstract. Teaching learning methods for carrying out the activities and resolving problems provided in textbooks develop creative capabilities in students and help them in understanding and experiencing the problems in real life. The key problem of whether a student changes attitudes, and fills the gap between moral knowledge and moral practice along with forming good habits is not much paid attention or examined in detail. Improving the moral content of curriculum is necessary in some schools. Each student must set clear objectives based on cognitive and physical development in every grade. Teachers are responsible for knowing what the students require to achieve in each of their grades in school. They should force students to participate excessively in such activities that plays important role in the moral development. The responsibility for moral education sometimes lies with parents and followed by other social organizations and institutions, among which primary and secondary schools lead the way certainly. Although moral education is not considered as a subject course, it is clear that it is central part of any educational process. Conclusion/Recommendations The moral content should be capable of penetrating the past and connecting with the future. Therefore, the students can develop clear understanding of each moral virtue and its practice. The teaching staff should be trained about the content of morality. Understanding of the morality standards is essential for teachers for improving the multi-disciplinary knowledge and moral information. Policy makers are in need of empowering moral education teachers through organizing various workshops that stress on relevant approaches. The recommendation that teachers Moral education and development stimulates the students to high level of moral understanding. Embedding large ratio of moral content in the school textbooks content is considered much relevant and important because of the decline in social capital. Another reason is the lack of interest in some national issues, weak community bonds, loosening of family, and decline in sense of trust among most of people. One form of moral education is based on liberal thinking that targets to educate both heart and mind. Students can learn and internalize logical moral thinking for analyzing moral issues in logical and consistent ways.

Immigration and Europe Essay -- European Politics, Economics

Immigration within and into Europe has increased in recent years, with local populations' anxieties raised(Pilcher 2010, p445). I will look at the socio-cultural challenges which immigration introduces. These include the real and perceived impacts on native populations, and the policy responses which stem from the issues. Next, economic well-being is an aspect of the immigration question that will be examined. I will consider soem of the various problems which are encountered in tackling this subject. While attempts to reach conclusions of the de facto effects of immigration in terms of the economies are not made, considering the arguments made may help in gauging the extent of the challenge that immigration poses. I will also examine some of the structural changes which immigration makes in the political sphere, with electoral and representative politics being affected. With constituencies changing significantly throughout several countries, the resultant shifts in terms of policy and governance are concerns which need to be taken seriously. Social and Cultural Challenges The social and cultural tensions which arise from hosting immigrant communities are often expressed as a failure to integrate or assimilate immigrants into society. Yet cleavages can be amplified due to the liberal and egalitarian doctrines which underpin European states. Provisions have to be made for immigrant citizens which may cause resentment in the existing population as a consequence of competition for diminishing resources, as well as the overarching factor of cultural stability(Lahav 2004, p1167). Yet this difficulty may be eased by the inclusion of non-EU immigrants in a reformulation of the European identity. If, as Diez & Whitman(2002) arg... ...ect individuals on the micro-level but research suggests that there are context-dependent issues in societies. This means that the challenges which immigration pose cannot be met by assuming that macro-economic scenarios fit different solutions. Countries from both ends of the spectrum face problems with managing immigration and its consequences on different strata within the existing society. Again, the challenge here is one in which the political leaders and mass media are still themselves unsure of. If the effects of immigration on the economy are to be ascertained, then the implementation of appropriate policies needs to be pursued without deference to political and ideological pressures. The biggest challenge facing the states of Europe regarding immigration is to pinpoint the causes of insecurity, in both the immigrant and native communities, and address them.

Greeks and romans Essay -- essays research papers

Three ancient civilizations contributed most to Western society. These ancient cultures were the Romans, Greeks, and Judeo-Christians. Although all three had a major impact on our life today in areas such Philosophy, Art, Architecture, Education, Military, Family Life, Government, and many more, it is evident that the Roman civilization has impacted Western Society beyond the other two. But to come to this conclusion you must first look at all aspects of life of all three cultures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Judeo-Christians were highly religious people. In fact, almost all of their contributions to today are moral principals or religious. Although Jews lived in Judea, which was a Roman province since 6 AD, the Jews continued to be monotheistic. The Romans respected this, however, and did not make them worship the Roman Gods. Around 1 AD, a boy names Jesus was born in the town of Bethlehem. After about thirty years Jesus began to preach about the Jewish God. People called Jesus the â€Å"Messiah† and the â€Å"King of the Jews† Roman leaders were worried that he would cause a revolt against the Romans. Jesus was considered an enemy. He was tried before Pontius Pilate and was crucified. After Jesus died on a cross, he was resurrected and remained on earth for forty more days to preach. After those forty days, Jesus was ascended into Heaven. The resurrection of Jesus became a main aspect of Christianity. For hundreds of years the Christian religion was put down and not excepted, but during Emperor Constantine’s reign Christianity became widely excepted because the Constantine was given a message from the Christian God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many morals and values of the Christians have been passed down and still are followed today. God gave the Ten commandments to Moses for all people to follow. In these ten, three are laws in today’s society: You shall not kill, You shall not steal, and also you shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. It is illegal to kill and steal. Also, lying in a court of law is perjury.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christianity is the most common religion in western society. Although there are many different denominations of Christians today, including Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Assembly of God, Lutheran, Methodist and many more, they all are based on the fact that Jesus died for their sins and they are forgiven. &n... ...rom its tradition of law. Many Romans were farmers. Therefore, they had to understand the laws of nature. As soldiers, they had to create laws to regulate the power of some men over others. Religion also stressed laws and obedience to authority. When Rome became a city, they created civic gods. These gods were spirits believed to be in the homes of Romans. All the gods possessed the power to help man only if he served them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More than any other ancient power, Rome was a qualified empire of many peoples and cultures. Roman law respected the differences among people. The idea of Roman life, excited many other cultures. This showed that Roman society was so smart that they were confident and arrogant it would spread throughout the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The history of the Roman Empire influenced Western civilization in many ways. Roman law became the basis of the legal codes of most European areas. Rome preserved Greek culture, the foundation of Western learning and even Christianity. All of these were spread to other lands. The world should be very fortunate of the Roman Empire. It has exploited so many great things throughout its dynasty.

I Am Legend Film review

From its gripping start to its touching finish, this high-grossing blockbuster film is the film everybody has been eagerly waiting for. The third big-screen adaptation of Richard Matheson’s â€Å"I Am Legend† novel (1954) this box office hit is sure to have you gripping your seat the whole way through. Hollywood hunk Will Smith stars alongside an Alsatian called Abby, who steals every scene she’s in. This post apocalyptic film is surely one of a kind. After watching this, I am definitely going to read the original novel. PLOT New York City-2012. Robert Neville (Will Smith) gets up every morning. Does his exercises. Eats breakfast. Takes his dog, Samantha, out for walks, and to pick up supplies. Goes to work. Plays a little golf. At exactly noon, he sends out broadcasts on the radio. Sounds completely normal? Well†¦no. Once a normal man with a loving family, Robert Neville is (as far as he knows) the only living human being left on Earth. He and Samantha are entirely alone, and have been for three years. In 2009, a scientist called, ironically, Dr Krippen (Emma Thompson), announces that she has discovered the cure for cancer; which at the beginning was praised as a breakthrough in modern medicine. But it isn’t long before the virus has mutated into a deadly airborne form, killing millions of people. And those who the virus didn’t kill, it changed†¦ Neville, a military scientist, is part of the team working to find a vaccine, but as the pandemic spreads, the government orders Manhattan locked down, with only the uninfected allowed to evacuate. And now Neville lives alone with Sam, surrounded by strange creatures that devour or infect anyone or anything in their path. Sensitive to UV radiation, they dwell in darkness, only emerging at night to eat. And all the while, the infected lurk in the shadows, watching Neville’s every move, waiting for him to make a fatal mistake. Perhaps mankind’s last and best hope, Neville is driven by only one remaining mission; to find a way to reverse the effects of the virus by using his own immune blood. But his blood is also what the infected hunt, and Neville knows he is outnumbered and quickly running out of time†¦ CHARACTERS The title â€Å"I Am Legend† is very relevant; Will Smith’s acting was LEGENDARY! If you actually think about it, it’s not easy when you’re the only character most of the time. Throughout the film, he was pretty much interacting with a dog†¦and that was about it. We witness Robert trying his best to lead a normal existence, slowly losing his sanity, and yet trying to save the world; all at the same time. It is nice to know that his range of acting is not just limited to action films (although there is a fair bit of action in I Am Legend) but it’s in the quiet moments that Smith gracefully and effortlessly shines- his strained expressions and his persistent battle for his sanity. The close relationship with his dog is extremely touching. His performance was excellent and believable, so hats off to him. TECHNICAL ELEMENTS/ SOUND The opening scenes of â€Å"I Am Legend† have special effects so good that they just about compensate for some later special effects that are slightly clumsy. We see Manhattan three years after a deadly virus has killed every healthy human on the island, except one. The streets are overgrown with weeds, cars are abandoned and the infrastructure of clumsily quarantined buildings is beginning to collapse. The film does a good job of revealing the monsters bit by bit, but once displayed, their CGI-ness is hard to ignore. By the time they're in full-on assault mode, they resemble something like zombified versions of something out of a video game. This makes for exciting action sequences, but dials down the horror considerably. The song â€Å"3 little birds† by Bob Marley is used extensively and is also on the soundtrack in the film. The song has bittersweet undertones as Robert sings the song â€Å"Don't worry about a thing, ‘Cause every little thing gonna be all right† in an attempt comfort himself and his dog, to avoid intense loneliness, and also to remind him of his family (his daughter was called Marley; after Bob Marley). THEME/ CONCLUSION Cleverly set in the year 2012, the film just makes us feel even more paranoid. Like many of the best sci-fi films, I Am Legend says a lot about the times we are currently living in. One of the main themes of this film is that one day, we, humans ourselves, could be the cause of the wipe out of the entire human race if we keep on messing with nature and trying to play God. Smith clearly states so in the film, â€Å"God didn’t do this. We did!† But Smith is like a ray of hope and reminds us that there are good people left in the world. Using a quote from Bob Marley, he says that â€Å"the people that are trying to make the world worse never take a day off, so why should I? Light up the darkness.† In this case, Smith feels it’s his duty to save humans and â€Å"Light the darkness† (cure the Dark seekers). I Am Legend is available in Blu-Ray and DVD on Monday 21st April 2008. Bring home the 2 disc special edition of I am Legend and you’ll not only get the theatrical version, but also the complete alternate unseen version with a controversial ending. Definitely worth having on your shelf.

Is a College Education Necessary to Succeed in Life Essay

Education is the key that opens the door to all life has to offer. The benefits of a good education, enhanced vision, increased motivation, and improved performance is crucial to being successful in life. Success belongs to those who acquire a good education. Enhanced vision. Getting a good education can help you gain a better view of what you are capable of doing. Education gives a person an enhanced sense of personal control (Schieman and Plickert, 2008). Sound theoretical and empirical research has established that educational attainment is the critical first step in improving communication skills, improving relationship skills and improving your life (Schieman and Plickert, 2008). The most important thing to remember about education is education is the most important element that can help you increase your personal control in life. Increased motivation. Acquiring a good education can also help you improve your station in life. Abraham Maslow believed that what motivates people is a hierarchy of needs beginning at the most basic needs of food, shelter, and clothing and ending in self actualization (Wilson and Madsen, 2008). Maslow believed individuals have the ability through education to become whatever they want to become because the individual has an ability to learn (Wilson and Madsen, 2008). Through using this ability to learn and acquiring education you can find success and you can find the power to change your life. Increased performance Improving your education will improve your chance for success. Getting a good education has a tendency to make you feel good about yourself. When you begin to feel good your life takes on a new meaning and you are able to cast off the garments of a meaningless life and put on the garments of a meaningful life (The humanist, 1992). This change is accomplished through the renewal of your dreams. When you start dreaming again you will begin to learn through structured programs of learning, from friends and family, from daily experiences, and from self reflection (Teare, 1997). Learning will become a fun thing to do. Finally, education equips you with the critical career and life skills that lead to a successful life (Hays, 2008). When you learn through education to listen, have empathy, start caring about life, become persuasive, become aware of the world in which you live, develop foresight or vision, start seeing the big picture, become committed to your growth as a person, become concerned about doing the right thing, and realize that you are a small part of a greater whole (Hays, 2008) then you will be well on your way to being successful in life and will have proved that people really do need education to succeed. References Hays, J. M. (2008). Teacher as servant: Applications of Greenleaf’s servant leadership in higher education. Journal of Global Business Issues, 2(1), 113. Retrieved form ABI/INFORM Global database. Schieman, S. and Plickert, G. (2008). How knowledge is power: Education and the sense of control. Social Forces, 87(1), 153. Retrieved March 31, 2009, from ProQuest Multiple databases.

Journal of Occurrences

During the time that Boston was under seize and the British soldiers controlled the American colonies Samuel Adams took a stand and used the â€Å"Journal of Occurrences† to influence the retraction of the British soldier and start a revolution in Colonial Boston by showing how media can play a big role and also influence society with propaganda. Samuel Adams was a writer and publisher of the â€Å"Journal of Occurrences† also know as â€Å"Journal of the times† and â€Å"Journal of Transactions in Boston. † The â€Å"Journal† sprung up after the arrival of the British soldiers in the colonial town of Boston.Oliver Morton Dickerson compiler of A Journal of the Times in the book Boston under Military Rule points out the arrival of the British soldiers â€Å"So we now behold Boston surrounded at a time of profound peace, with about 14 ships of war, with springs on their cables, and their broadsides to the town! † (1). The initial approach of th e British soldiers would spark red flags in any colony especially if approached with war ships which would raise questions to why they are actually there. As John K.Alexander author of â€Å"American Revolution Politicians† points out â€Å"As Adams predicted the soldiers caused more difficulties and tumults than they stopped (68). † The presence of the soldiers and the many problems they caused provided Adams and his fellow Whigs ample material to fashion propaganda (Alexander 68). The first issue of the â€Å"Journal† appeared in the October 13 New-York Journal and covered the period from September 28 through October 2 (Alexander 68). There for after the New-York Journal had an installment of the â€Å"Journal of Occurrences. Samuel Adam was a skillful writer even before the Journals were produces but he used them as an opportunity to speak out against the soldiers and the British government as a whole. â€Å"The Journal of Occurrences† â€Å"focused on the many grievances that grew out of the military presence in Boston (Alexander 69)† and William M. Fowler, Jr. author of Samuel Adams Radical Puritan point out â€Å"in issue, dated 13 October 1768, the authors claimed that everything contained in its pages was strictly fact (90). All of the events in the Journal lacked evidence or proof of the incident, while also never mentioning names, which in today’s media would be considered unacceptable and most likely wouldn’t be published. â€Å"The first was the incalculable ham being done to the innocent citizens of Boston by despicable soldiers (Fowler 91). † There where claims of soldiers beating citizens in the streets â€Å"a tradesman on his way home had a thrust in the breast with a bayonet from a soldier (Fowler 91). â€Å"On another occasion when a household hearing the cries of two women in the night, who were rudely treated by soldiers, tried to come to their aid, he was knocked down with a musk et and much wounded (Fowler 91). † Later claims from the north end of Boston bought chargers of rape against a soldier who escaped (Fowler 91). â€Å"This was tabloid journalism at its sensational best (Fowler 91). † The second themes that were found in the Journal were the other agents of the king mainly the commissioners of the customs.During the colonial times it wasn’t uncommon for political figures to use their power to get what they wanted but they couldn’t stop the Journal from being printed. â€Å"With their near vice regal authority, the commissioners could act outside the normal structure of colonial government (Fowler 91). † â€Å"Not loathe to use their power to reward friends and punish enemies, the commissioners were an easy target for the Journal (Fowler 91). † Nearly every issue discredited both of the law and the enforcement officials (Fowler 91). In the pages of the Journal Bostonians were always innocent; the commissioners were always guilty (Fowler91). † This media tactic helped influenced most of the colonial people regardless of whether it was true or not the Journals caught the attention of the common people. As Rodger Streitmetter author of Mightier than the Sword points out â€Å"Adams conceived of what became America’s first systematic gathering and distributing of news- a precursor of today’s Associated Press (10).The articles and issues of the â€Å"Journal of Occurrences raised the tension between citizens in Colonial Boston and soldiers in the British Army â€Å"The descriptions of improper behavior by British troops became popular readings- as the blood pressure of the colonists continued to rise (Streitmetter12). † Six months after the attitude toward the soldier grew so outrageous that even the British officials caved in and realized that the presence of four regiments were making things worst instead of helping. In August 1769 the British officials decided t o withdraw the troops. Adams and his journalistic strategy had triumphed magnificently (Streitmetter13). † The â€Å"Journal of Occurrences† then ceased operation after â€Å"It had produced some 300 individual entries one for each day during the ten months that British troops had been stationed in Boston (Streitmetter13). † In our society today the media has a big input on our society as it did during the 18th century. The Journals â€Å"were effective in ridding Boston of unwanted British soldiers and in gaining support for Adams and his radical notions (Streitmetter13). It’s amazing that the people in colonial Boston never questioned the stories they read in the Journals but embraced them and took them for truth without in solid proof of the account. Thou you would think truth would be considered a factor, propaganda and writing for the audience help the â€Å"Journal of Occurrences† influence colonial Boston society. â€Å"As propaganda the Jo urnal was a phenomenal success (Fowler 92). The papers were produced in Boston and printed in New York. The stories of the Boston â€Å"incidents were produced in papers such as the Pennsylvania Chronicles and was sent through all the colonies and even spread to the London papers.All in all the Journals not only influenced the people in colonial Boston but when stories of the town were spread it influenced America. â€Å"Bostonians were brave and stoic citizens defiantly standing in defense of the rights of all Americans (Fowler 92). † The â€Å"Journal of Occurrences† stories helped in the retraction of the British soldiers while giving the citizens of colonial Boston means to stand up and fight against the stationing of British soldiers in their city, overall staging a revolution in Boston as well as showing how media along with propaganda could affect society.

Importance of Verbal vs. Non Verbal in Cross Cultural Communication

Is verbal communication more important or non-verbal in cross-cultural communication? This debate has ignited the scholars all over the globe. Many theories and studies have been conductive to find their relative importance. Words are used to express whatever one wants to say but they can have different meaning and connotation across various languages, countries and cultures and therefore can be misleading. On the other hand body movements, expressions and gestures have generally the same connotations across cultures but can also contrasting meanings.This paper will attempt to prove it through scholarly articles, authentic research and examples. In order to understand the topic and elaborate on the essay, first some key words shall be defined: Culture is defined as everything which is socially learned and shared by the members of a society. Everything in this definition includes a vast range of topics such as knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, values, ideas and many other c apabilities (Horton & Hunt, 2004).According to Lustig and Koester (1993), communication is defined as ‘symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people create shared meanings’. Therefore cross cultural communication or inter culture communication refers to sharing of ideas, values etc. amongst people from various cultures. This means that people from different cultures seek to understand what others communicate and what their messages signify (Reisinger, 2009). On the other hand, intra-cultural communication refers to sharing and understanding of messages of people within a culture.Verbal communication is the use of spoken words to convey a message whereas non-verbal communication as the movement and use of the body parts to express a message. Verbal Communication leads to misunderstanding and misinterpretation: Verbal communication generally leads to misunderstanding and misinterpretation. Mostly every culture has a different language, dialect, accent and jargon. Therefore, cultures differing in language will tend to make different sounds while speaking and sequencing of words will also vary (Reisinger, 2009).For example, Australians pronounce the word ‘chips’ as chip i. e. exactly how it is spelt (from an Australian perspective) , however in comparison , natives of New Zealand pronounce chips as heard by an Australian as ‘chaps’. The word ‘chaps’ has a different meaning to an Australian, compared to a New Zealander and thus will lead to inappropriate communication. Also one idea or product may be described by different words across different cultures. For example what Britishers call chips, the Americans call French fries (Reisinger, 2009).Employing translation experts in international communication is a common practice but there are many words that when translated to another language loses their real meaning (Browaeys, 2008). For example the sentence ‘My name is Lars, I live on the second floor’ when translated to German is ‘Mein Name ist, ich leben im zweiten Stock Lars’ which when translated back to English is ‘My name is, I lives in the second stick Lars’. This shows that due to translation many words can lost their meaning and communication would not be effective.Also sometimes people can easily translate one language from the other but they do not understand the true meaning of the word used. For example, Japanese seldom use the word ‘no’ in their conversations but use ‘yes’ (hai) a lot in their conversations. Here using of ‘yes’ means that they’ve heard what has been said rather than agreeing with what has been said (Knotts & Hartman, 1991). The same words can also have different meanings in different cultures (Reisinger 2009). For example, an American electronics firm marketed a photocopy machine in Chile with the name ‘Roto’.It was learned afterwards that ‘Roto’ means broken in Spanish (Ferraro 2010). Literature is filled with examples of global organizations with international communication blunders. The example discussed above highlights that translator knew the language but then even unintended messages were communicated to the local people. The grammatical and translation rules were followed but then even blunders were made. According to Ferraro (2010), in order to effectively communicate in international environment, there is no solution other than to learn the language.Complexities of Non-Verbal Communication: According to a study, only seven percent of communicated meaning is from verbal communication, the rest is from non verbal communication. This factor highlights the importance of using non-verbal cues in successful communication (Shick, 2000). Many facial expressions such as anger, fear, happiness etc. are universal. Therefore many people believe that non-verbal cues are excellent source of communicating int ernationally. The facial expressions must be same but the cause of these expressions may vary from culture to culture.Also many gestures and body movements have different meanings across different cultures (chapter 14). For example, in France firm handshakes are considered to be impolite whereas in Brazil handshakes are firm and exuberant. In order to give emphasis, Italians and Israelis use hand gestures a lot whereas Chinese do not use gestures at all (Shick, 2000). Silence is also a form of non verbal communication (Shick, 2000). In some cultures using verbal communication is more important than using non-verbal communication. Western cultures use direct words and explicit meaning that show true intentions and desires.While in East Asian countries such as Japan, Korea and China, an indirect style of verbal communication is used and they instead resort to non-verbal signal. Asians emphasize silence over words whereas Americans believe words are very important. Western cultures pla ces due emphasis on choosing words appropriately whereas in eastern culture people believe that silence is a form of communication. They communicate by saying as less as possible and at times nothing as well. The meaning is in silence or saying as little as possible (Reisinger 2009).Culture variations exist regarding ‘touching’ in personal interaction. In Middle East and Latin America people prefer high physical contact while people in Northern Europe and America prefer low physical contact. Culture also differs as to where people can be touched. For example in China and many western countries, shaking hands among opposite gender is a norm whereas in Muslim countries it is not (Reisinger, 2009). Therefore in inter cultural communication it is important to understand the meaning of each gesture before using it. The same gesture can have very contrasting meanings across cultures.For example, pulling one’s eyelid with forefinger in France means, ‘I don’ t believe you’ whereas in Italy it means ‘I’m keeping an eye on you’. Conclusion: Verbal and non verbal both have their pros and cons. The positives of one can translate into the negatives of the other. Therefore, excellence in both verbal and non verbal communication is required foe effective cross cultural communication. In this era of globalization, no business can sacrifice on inappropriate communication. Even if one universal language is used throughout cultures then even dialects and accents would vary which will lead to misinterpretation.

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